List of African-American United States Representatives
John Conyers is the Dean of the United States House of Representatives and longest-serving African American in the history of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Congress.
Map of congressional districts represented by African Americans during 114th United States Congress.
The United States House of Representatives has had 132 elected and appointed African-American members. The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. The US Census Bureau defines African Americans as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[1] The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa. During the founding of the federal government, African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved.[2] No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Only 27 out of all 50 states have sent an African-American representative to the U.S. House (excluding the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia). Joseph Rainey was the first African-American representative and served South Carolina's 1st district beginning in 1870 during the Reconstruction Era, following the American Civil War. Out of all 132 elected or appointed African-American members, 34 have been women. Fifteen states have sent African-American women to the U.S. House, the first being Shirley Chisholm from New York's 12th district in 1969 during the Civil Rights Movement. The current 114th Congress has a record 46 African-American Representatives or Delegates, including 20 African-American women. Many African-American members of the House of Representatives serve majority-minority districts.[3] These congressional districts are gerrymandered, limit serious challenges to their re-election, and limit their abilities to represent a larger, more diverse constituency.[3]
First generation of African-American House members, 1870–1887
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Party
| Representative | Congressional District | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Former slave | Ref. | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Joseph Rainey (1832–1887) |
South Carolina's 1st | December 12, 1870 | March 3, 1879 | Republican | 41st (1869–1871) |
Yes | [4] | [note 1] | |
| THRU | ||||||||||
| 45th (1877–1879) | ||||||||||
| |
Jefferson F. Long (1836–1901) |
Georgia's 4th | January 16, 1871 | March 3, 1871 | Republican | 41st (1869–1871) |
Yes | [5] | [note 2] | |
| |
Robert C. De Large (1842–1874) |
South Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1871 | January 24, 1873 | Republican | 42nd (1871–1873) |
No | [6] | [note 3] | |
| |
Robert B. Elliott (1842–1884) |
South Carolina's 3rd | March 4, 1871 | November 1, 1874 | Republican | 42nd (1871–1873) |
No | [7] | [note 4] | |
| 43rd (1873–1875) | ||||||||||
| |
Benjamin S. Turner (1825–1894) |
Alabama's 1st | March 4, 1871 | March 3, 1873 | Republican | 42nd (1871–1873) |
Yes | [8] | [note 5] | |
| |
Josiah T. Walls (1842–1905) |
Florida's at-large | March 4, 1871 | January 29, 1873 | Republican | 42nd (1871–1873) |
Yes | [9] | [note 6] | |
| March 4, 1873 | March 3, 1875 | 43rd (1873–1875) | ||||||||
| Florida's 2nd | March 4, 1875 | April 19, 1876 | 44th (1875–1877) | |||||||
| |
Richard H. Cain (1825–1887) |
South Carolina's at-large | March 4, 1873 | March 3, 1875 | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | [10] | [note 7] | |
| South Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1877 | March 3, 1879 | 45th (1877–1879) | |||||||
| |
John R. Lynch (1847–1939) |
Mississippi's 6th | March 4, 1873 | March 3, 1877 | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
Yes | [11] | [note 8] | |
| 44th (1875–1877) | ||||||||||
| April 29, 1882 | March 3, 1883 | 47th (1881–1883) | ||||||||
| |
Alonzo J. Ransier (1834–1882) |
South Carolina's 2nd | March 3, 1873 | March 3, 1875 | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | [12] | [note 9] | |
| |
James T. Rapier (1837–1883) |
Alabama's 2nd | March 4, 1873 | March 3, 1875 | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | [13] | [note 10] | |
| |
Jeremiah Haralson (1846–1916) |
Alabama's 1st | March 4, 1875 | March 3, 1877 | Republican | 44th (1875–1877) |
Yes | [14] | [note 11] | |
| |
John Adams Hyman (1840–1891) |
North Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1875 | March 3, 1877 | Republican | 44th (1875–1877) |
Yes | [15] | [note 12] | |
| |
Charles E. Nash (1844–1913) |
Louisiana's 6th | March 4, 1875 | March 3, 1877 | Republican | 44th (1875–1877) |
No | [16] | [note 13] | |
| |
Robert Smalls (1839–1915) |
South Carolina's 5th | March 4, 1875 | March 3, 1879 | Republican | 44th (1875–1877) |
Yes | [17] | [note 14] | |
| 45th (1877–1879) | ||||||||||
| July 19, 1882 | March 3, 1883 | 47th (1881–1883) | ||||||||
| South Carolina's 7th | March 18, 1884 | March 3, 1887 | 48th (1883–1885) | |||||||
| 49th (1885–1887) | ||||||||||
| |
James E. O'Hara (1844–1905) |
North Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1883 | March 3, 1887 | Republican | 48th (1883–1885) |
No | [18] | [note 15] | |
| 49th (1885–1887) | ||||||||||
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Second generation of African-American House members, 1887–1929
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Party
| Representative | Congressional District | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Former slave | Ref. | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Henry P. Cheatham (1857–1935) |
North Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1889 | March 3, 1893 | Republican | 51st (1889–1891) |
Yes | [19] | [note 16] | |
| 52nd (1891–1893) | ||||||||||
| |
John Mercer Langston (1829–1897) |
Virginia's 4th | September 23, 1890 | March 3, 1891 | Republican | 51st (1889–1891) |
No | [20] | [note 17] | |
| |
Thomas E. Miller (1849–1938) |
South Carolina's 7th | September 24, 1890 | March 3, 1891 | Republican | 51st (1889–1891) |
No | [21] | [note 18] | |
| |
George W. Murray (1853–1926) |
South Carolina's 7th | March 4, 1893 | March 3, 1895 | Republican | 53rd (1893–1895) |
Yes | [22] | [note 19] | |
| South Carolina's 1st | June 4, 1896 | March 3, 1897 | 54th (1895–1897) | |||||||
| |
George Henry White (1852–1918) |
North Carolina's 2nd | March 4, 1897 | March 3, 1901 | Republican | 55th (1897–1899) |
Yes | [23] | [note 20] | |
| 56th (1899–1901) | ||||||||||
Third generation of African-American House members, 1929–1970
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
| Representative | Congressional District | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Ref. | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Oscar Stanton De Priest (1871–1951) |
Illinois's 1st | March 4, 1929 | January 3, 1935 | Republican | 71st (1929–1931) |
[24] | [note 21] | |
| 72nd (1931–1933) | |||||||||
| 73rd (1933–1935) | |||||||||
| |
Arthur W. Mitchell (1883–1968) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1935 | January 3, 1943 | Democratic | 74th (1935–1937) |
[25] | [note 22] | |
| 75th (1937–1939) | |||||||||
| 76th (1939–1941) | |||||||||
| 77th (1941–1943) | |||||||||
| |
William L. Dawson (1886–1970) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1943 | November 9, 1970 | Democratic | 78th (1943–1945) |
[26] | [note 23] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 91st (1969–1971) | |||||||||
| |
Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (1908–1972) |
New York's 22nd | January 3, 1945 | January 3, 1953 | Democratic | 79th (1945–1947) |
[27] | [note 24] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 82nd (1951–1953) | |||||||||
| New York's 16th | January 3, 1953 | January 3, 1963 | 83rd (1953–1955) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 87th (1961–1963) | |||||||||
| New York's 18th | January 3, 1963 | February 28, 1967 | 88th (1963–1965) | ||||||
| 89th (1965–1967) | |||||||||
| 90th (1967–1969) | |||||||||
| April 11, 1967 | January 3, 1971 | ||||||||
| 91st (1969–1971) | |||||||||
| |
Charles Diggs (1922–1998) |
Michigan's 13th | January 3, 1955 | June 3, 1980 | Democratic | 84th (1955–1957) |
[28] | [note 25] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 96th (1979–1981) | |||||||||
| |
Robert N. C. Nix Sr. (1898–1987) |
Pennsylvania's 4th | June 4, 1958 | January 3, 1963 | Democratic | 85th (1957–1959) |
[29] | [note 26] | |
| 86th (1959–1961) | |||||||||
| 87th (1961–1963) | |||||||||
| Pennsylvania's 2nd | January 3, 1963 | January 3, 1979 | 88th (1963–1965) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 95th (1977–1979) | |||||||||
| |
Augustus F. Hawkins (1907–2007) |
California's 21st | January 3, 1963 | January 3, 1975 | Democratic | 88th (1963–1965) |
[30] | [note 27] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 93rd (1973–1975) | |||||||||
| California's 29th | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1991 | 94th (1975–1977) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 101st (1989–1991) | |||||||||
| |
John Conyers (born 1929) |
Michigan's 1st | January 3, 1965 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 89th (1965–1967) |
[31] | [note 28] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| Michigan's 14th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| Michigan's 13th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Shirley Chisholm (1924–2005) |
New York's 12th | January 3, 1969 | January 3, 1983 | Democratic | 91st (1969–1971) |
[32] | [note 29] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 97th (1981–1983) | |||||||||
| |
Bill Clay (born 1931) |
Missouri's 1st | January 3, 1969 | January 3, 2001 | Democratic | 91st (1969–1971) |
[33] | [note 30] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | |||||||||
| |
Louis Stokes (1925–2015) |
Ohio's 21st | January 3, 1969 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 91st (1969–1971) |
[34] | [note 31] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| Ohio's 11th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1999 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
| 105th (1997–1999) | |||||||||
| |
George W. Collins (1925–1972) |
Illinois's 6th | November 3, 1970 | December 8, 1972 | Democratic | 91st (1969–1971) |
[35] | [note 32] | |
| 92nd (1971–1973) | |||||||||
Fourth generation of African-American House members, 1971–present
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
| Representative | Congressional District | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Ref. | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Ron Dellums (born 1935) |
California's 7th | January 3, 1971 | January 3, 1975 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
[36] | [note 33] | |
| 93rd (1973–1975) | |||||||||
| California's 8th | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1993 | 94th (1975–1977) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| California's 9th | January 3, 1993 | February 6, 1998 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
| 105th (1997–1999) | |||||||||
| |
Ralph Metcalfe (1910–1978) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1971 | October 10, 1978 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
[37] | [note 34] | |
| 93rd (1973–1975) | |||||||||
| 94th (1975–1977) | |||||||||
| 95th (1977–1979) | |||||||||
| |
Parren Mitchell (1922–2007) |
Maryland's 7th | January 3, 1971 | January 3, 1987 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
[38] | [note 35] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 99th (1985–1987) | |||||||||
| |
Charles Rangel (born 1930) |
New York's 18th | January 3, 1971 | January 3, 1973 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
[39] | [note 36] | |
| New York's 19th | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1983 | 93rd (1973–1975) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 97th (1981–1983) | |||||||||
| New York's 16th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | 98th (1983–1985) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| New York's 15th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| New York's 13th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (born 1932) |
California's 37th | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1975 | Democratic | 93rd (1973–1975) |
[40] | [note 37] | |
| California's 28th | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1979 | 94th (1975–1977) | ||||||
| 95th (1977–1979) | |||||||||
| |
Barbara Jordan (1936–1996) |
Texas's 18th | January 3, 1973 | January 3, 1979 | Democratic | 93rd (1973–1975) |
[41] | [note 38] | |
| 94th (1975–1977) | |||||||||
| 95th (1977–1979) | |||||||||
| |
Andrew Young (born 1932) |
Georgia's 5th | January 3, 1973 | January 29, 1977 | Democratic | 93rd (1973–1975) |
[42] | [note 39] | |
| 94th (1975–1977) | |||||||||
| 95th (1977–1979) | |||||||||
| |
Cardiss Collins (1931–2013) |
Illinois's 7th | June 5, 1973 | January 3, 1997 | Democratic | 93rd (1973–1975) |
[43] | [note 40] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
| |
Harold Ford Sr. (born 1945) |
Tennessee's 8th | January 3, 1975 | January 3, 1983 | Democratic | 94th (1975–1977) |
[44] | [note 41] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 97th (1981–1983) | |||||||||
| Tennessee's 9th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1997 | 98th (1983–1985) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
| |
Julian C. Dixon (1934–2000) |
California's 28th | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
[45] | [note 42] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| California's 32nd | January 3, 1993 | December 8, 2000 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | |||||||||
| |
William H. Gray (1941–2013) |
Pennsylvania's 2nd | January 3, 1979 | September 11, 1991 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
[46] | [note 43] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| |
Mickey Leland (1944–1989) |
Texas's 18th | January 3, 1979 | August 7, 1989 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
[47] | [note 44] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 101st (1989–1991) | |||||||||
| |
Bennett M. Stewart (1912–1988) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1981 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
[48] | [note 45] | |
| |
George W. Crockett Jr. (1909–1997) |
Michigan's 13th | November 4, 1980 | January 3, 1991 | Democratic | 96th (1979–1981) |
[49] | [note 46] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 101st (1989–1991) | |||||||||
| |
Mervyn M. Dymally (1926–2012) |
California's 31st | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 97th (1981–1983) |
[50] | [note 47] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| |
Gus Savage (1925–2015) |
Illinois's 2nd | January 3, 1981 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 97th (1981–1983) |
[51] | [note 48] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| |
Harold Washington (1922–1987) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1981 | April 30, 1983 | Democratic | 97th (1981–1983) |
[52] | [note 49] | |
| 98th (1983–1985) | |||||||||
| |
Katie Hall (1938–2012) |
Indiana's 1st | November 2, 1982 | January 3, 1985 | Democratic | 97th (1981–1983) |
[53] | [note 50] | |
| 98th (1983–1985) | |||||||||
| |
Major R. Owens (1936–2013) |
New York's 12th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 98th (1983–1985) |
[54] | [note 51] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| New York's 11th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2007 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 109th (2005–2007) | |||||||||
| |
Edolphus Towns (born 1934) |
New York's 11th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 98th (1983–1985) |
[55] | [note 52] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| New York's 10th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| |
Alan Wheat (born 1951) |
Missouri's 5th | January 3, 1983 | January 3, 1995 | Democratic | 98th (1983–1985) |
[56] | [note 53] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||||||
| |
Charles Hayes (1918–1997) |
Illinois's 1st | August 23, 1983 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 98th (1983–1985) |
[57] | [note 54] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| |
Alton R. Waldon Jr. (born 1936) |
New York's 6th | June 10, 1986 | January 3, 1987 | Democratic | 99th (1985–1987) |
[58] | [note 55] | |
| |
Mike Espy (born 1953) |
Mississippi's 2nd | January 3, 1987 | January 22, 1993 | Democratic | 100th (1987–1989) |
[59] | [note 56] | |
| 101st (1989–1991) | |||||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||||||
| |
Floyd H. Flake (born 1945) |
New York's 6th | January 3, 1987 | November 17, 1997 | Democratic | 100th (1987–1989) |
[60] | [note 57] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 105th (1997–1999) | |||||||||
| |
John Lewis (born 1940) |
Georgia's 5th | January 3, 1987 | Incumbent | Democratic | 100th (1987–1989) |
[61] | [note 58] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Kweisi Mfume (born 1948) |
Maryland's 7th | January 3, 1987 | February 15, 1996 | Democratic | 100th (1987–1989) |
[62] | [note 59] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
| |
Donald M. Payne (1934–2012) |
New Jersey's 10th | January 3, 1989 | March 6, 2012 | Democratic | 101st (1989–1991) |
[63] | [note 60] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| |
Craig Washington (born 1941) |
Texas's 18th | December 9, 1989 | January 3, 1995 | Democratic | 101st (1989–1991) |
[64] | [note 61] | |
| 102nd (1991–1993) | |||||||||
| 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||||||
| |
Barbara-Rose Collins (born 1939) |
Michigan's 13th | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
[65] | [note 62] | |
| Michigan's 15th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1997 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
| |
Gary Franks (born 1953) |
Connecticut's 5th | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 1997 | Republican | 102nd (1991–1993) |
[66] | [note 63] | |
| 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
| |
William J. Jefferson (born 1947) |
Louisiana's 2nd | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 2009 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
[67] | [note 64] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | |||||||||
| |
Maxine Waters (born 1938) |
California's 29th | January 3, 1991 | January 3, 1993 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
[68] | [note 65] | |
| California's 35th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | 103rd (1993–1995) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| California's 43rd | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Lucien E. Blackwell (1931–2003) |
Pennsylvania's 2nd | November 5, 1991 | January 3, 1995 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
[69] | [note 66] | |
| 103rd (1993–1995) | |||||||||
| |
Eva M. Clayton (born 1934) |
North Carolina's 1st | November 3, 1992 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
[70] | [note 67] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | |||||||||
| |
Sanford Bishop (born 1947) |
Georgia's 2nd | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[71] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
 |
Corrine Brown (born 1946) |
Florida's 3rd | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[72] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| Florida's 5th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Jim Clyburn (born 1940) |
South Carolina's 6th | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[73] | [note 68] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Cleo Fields (born 1962) |
Louisiana's 4th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1997 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[74] | [note 69] | |
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
 |
Alcee Hastings (born 1936) |
Florida's 23rd | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[75] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| Florida's 20th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Earl F. Hilliard (born 1942) |
Alabama's 7th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[76] | [note 70] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | |||||||||
 |
Eddie Bernice Johnson (born 1935) |
Texas's 30th | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[77] | [note 71] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Cynthia McKinney (born 1955) |
Georgia's 11th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 1997 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[78] | [note 72] | |
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
| Georgia's 4th | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2003 | 105th (1997–1999) | ||||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | |||||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | |||||||||
| January 3, 2005 | January 3, 2007 | 109th (2005–2007) | |||||||
| |
Carrie P. Meek (born 1926) |
Florida's 17th | January 3, 1993 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[79] | [note 73] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | |||||||||
| |
Mel Reynolds (born 1952) |
Illinois's 2nd | January 3, 1993 | October 1, 1995 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[80] | [note 74] | |
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
 |
Bobby Rush (born 1946) |
Illinois's 1st | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[81] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
 |
Bobby Scott (born 1947) |
Virginia's 3rd | January 3, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[82] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Walter Tucker (born 1957) |
California's 37th | January 3, 1993 | December 15, 1995 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[83] | [note 75] | |
| 104th (1995–1997) | |||||||||
 |
Mel Watt (born 1945) |
North Carolina's 12th | January 3, 1993 | January 6, 2014 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[84] | [note 76] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 113th (2013–2015) | |||||||||
| |
Albert Wynn (born 1951) |
Maryland's 4th | January 3, 1993 | May 31, 2008 | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[85] | [note 77] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | |||||||||
| |
Bennie Thompson (born 1948) |
Mississippi's 2nd | April 13, 1993 | Incumbent | Democratic | 103rd (1993–1995) |
[86] | [note 78] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Chaka Fattah (born 1956) |
Pennsylvania's 2nd | January 3, 1995 | June 23, 2016 | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
[87] | [note 79] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
 |
Sheila Jackson Lee (born 1950) |
Texas's 18th | January 3, 1995 | Incumbent | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
[88] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
J. C. Watts (born 1957) |
Oklahoma's 4th | January 3, 1995 | January 3, 2003 | Republican | 104th (1995–1997) |
[89] | [note 80] | |
| 105th (1997–1999) | |||||||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | |||||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | |||||||||
| |
Jesse Jackson Jr. (born 1965) |
Illinois's 2nd | December 12, 1995 | November 21, 2012 | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
[90] | [note 81] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| |
Juanita Millender-McDonald (1938–2007) |
California's 37th | March 26, 1996 | April 22, 2007 | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
[91] | [note 82] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | |||||||||
| |
Elijah Cummings (born 1951) |
Maryland's 7th | April 16, 1996 | Incumbent | Democratic | 104th (1995–1997) |
[92] | [note 83] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Julia Carson (1938–2007) |
Indiana's 10th | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
[93] | [note 84] | |
| 106th (1999-2001) | |||||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | |||||||||
| Indiana's 7th | January 3, 2003 | December 15, 2007 | 108th (2003–2005) | ||||||
| 109th (2005–2007) | |||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | |||||||||
| |
Danny K. Davis (born 1941) |
Illinois's 7th | January 3, 1997 | Incumbent | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
[94] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Harold Ford Jr. (born 1970) |
Tennessee's 9th | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2007 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
[95] | [note 85] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 109th (2005–2007) | |||||||||
 |
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (born 1945) |
Michigan's 15th | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
[96] | [note 86] | |
| 106th (1999–2001) | |||||||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | |||||||||
| Michigan's 13th | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2011 | 108th (2003–2005) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | |||||||||
| |
Gregory Meeks (born 1953) |
New York's 6th | February 3, 1998 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
[97] | [note 87] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| New York's 5th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Barbara Lee (born 1946) |
California's 9th | April 7, 1998 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
[98] | [note 88] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| California's 13th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Stephanie Tubbs Jones (1949–2008) |
Ohio's 11th | January 3, 1999 | August 20, 2008 | Democratic | 106th (1999–2001) |
[99] | [note 89] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | |||||||||
| |
Lacy Clay (born 1956) |
Missouri's 1st | January 3, 2001 | Incumbent | Democratic | 107th (2001–2003) |
[100] | [note 90] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Diane Watson (born 1933) |
California's 32nd | June 5, 2001 | January 3, 2003 | Democratic | 107th (2001–2003) |
[101] | [note 91] | |
| California's 33rd | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2011 | 108th (2003–2005) | ||||||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | |||||||||
| |
Frank Ballance (born 1942) |
North Carolina's 1st | January 3, 2003 | June 11, 2004 | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
[102] | [note 92] | |
| |
Artur Davis (born 1967) |
Alabama's 7th | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2011 | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
[103] | [note 93] | |
| 109th (2005–2007) | |||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | |||||||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | |||||||||
| |
Denise Majette (born 1955) |
Georgia's 4th | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2005 | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
[104] | [note 94] | |
| |
Kendrick Meek (born 1966) |
Florida's 17th | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2011 | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
[105] | [note 95] | |
| 109th (2005–2007) | |||||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | |||||||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | |||||||||
| |
David Scott (born 1945) |
Georgia's 13th | January 3, 2003 | Incumbent | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
[106] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
G. K. Butterfield (born 1947) |
North Carolina's 1st | July 20, 2004 | Incumbent | Democratic | 108th (2003–2005) |
[107] | [note 96] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Emanuel Cleaver (born 1944) |
Missouri's 5th | January 3, 2005 | Incumbent | Democratic | 109th (2005–2007) |
[108] | [note 97] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Al Green (born 1947) |
Texas's 9th | January 3, 2005 | Incumbent | Democratic | 109th (2005–2007) |
[109] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Gwen Moore (born 1951) |
Wisconsin's 4th | January 3, 2005 | Incumbent | Democratic | 109th (2005–2007) |
[110] | [note 98] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Yvette Clarke (born 1964) |
New York's 11th | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[111] | ||
| 111th (2009–2011) | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| New York's 9th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Keith Ellison (born 1963) |
Minnesota's 5th | January 3, 2007 | Incumbent | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[112] | [note 99] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Hank Johnson (born 1954) |
Georgia's 4th | January 3, 2007 | Incumbent | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[113] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Laura Richardson (born 1962) |
California's 37th | August 21, 2007 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[114] | [note 100] | |
| 111th (2009–2011) | |||||||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | |||||||||
| |
André Carson (born 1974) |
Indiana's 7th | March 11, 2008 | Incumbent | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[115] | [note 101] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Donna Edwards (born 1958) |
Maryland's 4th | June 17, 2008 | Incumbent | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[116] | [note 102] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Marcia Fudge (born 1952) |
Ohio's 11th | November 18, 2008 | Incumbent | Democratic | 110th (2007–2009) |
[117] | [note 103] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Karen Bass (born 1953) |
California's 33rd | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
[118] | ||
| California's 37th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Hansen Clarke (born 1957) |
Michigan's 13th | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
[119] | [note 104] | |
| |
Cedric Richmond (born 1973) |
Louisiana's 2nd | January 3, 2011 | Incumbent | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
[120] | ||
| 113th (2013–2015) | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Tim Scott (born 1965) |
South Carolina's 1st | January 3, 2011 | January 2, 2013 | Republican | 112th (2011–2013) |
[121] | [note 105] | |
| |
Terri Sewell (born 1965) |
Alabama's 7th | January 3, 2011 | Incumbent | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
[122] | [note 106] | |
| 113th (2013–2015) | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Allen West (born 1961) |
Florida's 22nd | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | Republican | 112th (2011–2013) |
[123] | [note 107] | |
| |
Frederica Wilson (born 1942) |
Florida's 17th | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
[124] | ||
| Florida's 24th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | 113th (2013–2015) | ||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Donald Payne Jr. (born 1958) |
New Jersey's 10th | November 6, 2012 | Incumbent | Democratic | 112th (2011–2013) |
[125] | [note 108] | |
| 113th (2013–2015) | |||||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Joyce Beatty (born 1950) |
Ohio's 3rd | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[126] | ||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Steven Horsford (born 1973) |
Nevada's 4th | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2015 | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[127] | [note 109] | |
| |
Hakeem Jeffries (born 1970) |
New York's 8th | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[128] | ||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Marc Veasey (born 1971) |
Texas's 33rd | January 3, 2013 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[129] | ||
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Robin Kelly (born 1956) |
Illinois's 2nd | April 9, 2013 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[130] | [note 110] | |
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Alma Adams (born 1946) |
North Carolina's 12th | November 12, 2014 | Incumbent | Democratic | 113th (2013–2015) |
[131] | [note 111] | |
| 114th (2015–2017) | |||||||||
| |
Will Hurd (born 1977) |
Texas's 23rd | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | Republican | 114th (2015–2017) |
[132] | ||
| |
Brenda Lawrence (born 1954) |
Michigan's 14th | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | Democratic | 114th (2015–2017) |
[133] | ||
| |
Mia Love (born 1975) |
Utah's 4th | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | Republican | 114th (2015–2017) |
[134] | [note 112] | |
| |
Bonnie Watson Coleman (born 1945) |
New Jersey's 12th | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | Democratic | 114th (2015–2017) |
[135] | ||
| |
Dwight Evans (born 1954) |
Pennsylvania's 2nd | November 8, 2016 | Incumbent | Democratic | 114th (2015–2017) |
[136] | [note 113] | |
Delegates in the House (non-voting members)
(Note: Delegates are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
Democratic Republican Independent
| Delegate | Congressional District | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Ref. | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Walter E. Fauntroy (born 1933) |
District of Columbia's at-large | March 23, 1971 | January 3, 1991 | Democratic | 92nd (1971–1973) |
[137] | [note 114] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 101st (1989–1991) | |||||||||
| |
Melvin H. Evans (1917–1984) |
Virgin Islands's at-large | January 3, 1979 | January 3, 1981 | Republican | 96th (1979–1981) |
[138] | [note 115] | |
| |
Eleanor Holmes Norton (born 1937) |
District of Columbia's at-large | January 3, 1991 | Incumbent | Democratic | 102nd (1991–1993) |
[139] | ||
| THRU | |||||||||
| 114th (2015-2017) | |||||||||
| |
Victor O. Frazer (born 1943) |
Virgin Islands's at-large | January 3, 1995 | January 3, 1997 | Independent | 104th (1995–1997) |
[140] | [note 116] | |
| |
Donna Christian-Christensen (born 1945) |
Virgin Islands's at-large | January 3, 1997 | January 3, 2015 | Democratic | 105th (1997–1999) |
[141] | [note 117] | |
| THRU | |||||||||
| 113th (2013–2015) | |||||||||
| |
Stacey Plaskett (born 1964) |
Virgin Islands's at-large | January 3, 2015 | Incumbent | Democratic | 114th (2015–2017) |
[142] | ||
.jpg)
African Americans elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated
- Political Party
| Representative | Congressional District | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Former slave | Ref. | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
John Willis Menard (1838–1893) |
Louisiana's 2nd | Denied seat | Denied seat | Republican | 41st (1869–1871) |
No | [143] | [note 118] | |
| |
P. B. S. Pinchback (1837–1921) |
Louisiana's at-large | Denied seat | Denied seat | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | [145] | [note 119] | |
See also
Federal government
- African Americans in the United States Congress
- List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
State and local government
- African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789-1866
- List of African-American U.S. state firsts
- List of first African-American mayors
Notes
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Benjamin Whittemore. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the first to serve in Congress from South Carolina.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the House of Representatives denial to seat Samuel F. Gove. He retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Georgia.
- ↑ Unseated in 1873 by a contested election that involved Christopher C. Bowen, the previous seat holder. The seat remained vacant until March 1873.
- ↑ Resigned from office. Elected in November 1874 to the South Carolina House of Representatives.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Alabama.
- ↑ Removed from office in 1873 and 1876 due to contested elections that involved Silas L. Niblack and Jesse Finley, respectively. First African American to serve in Congress from Florida.
- ↑ Retired from office.
- ↑ Seated in Congress after contested election that involved James Chalmers in 1882. Lost office during reelection in 1883. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi. Youngest member of the 43rd United States Congress at age 26.
- ↑ Retired from office. Former Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection.
- ↑ Lost office during re-nomination. First African American to serve in Congress from North Carolina.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Louisiana.
- ↑ Seated in Congress after contested election that involved George Tillman in 1882. Elected in 1884 to fill vacancy caused by death of Edmund Mackey. Lost reelection and retired from office in final term.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection. Brother-in-law of George Henry White.
- ↑ Seated in Congress after the contested election that involved Edward Venable in September 1890. Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Virginia.
- ↑ Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in September 1890. Lost office during reelection in final term.
- ↑ Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in June 1896. Lost office during reelection. Distant relative of Jim Clyburn.
- ↑ Retired from office. Brother-in-law of Henry P. Cheatham.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection to Arthur W. Mitchell. First African American to serve in Congress from Illinois and the first to serve from outside the southern states.
- ↑ Retired from office. First African American to be elected to Congress as a Democrat.
- ↑ Died while in office.
- ↑ Excluded from membership in the 90th United States Congress in February 1967. Reelected to fill vacancy caused by exclusion from membership, but did not take oath of office. Lost office during renomination. First African American to serve in Congress from New York.[27]
- ↑ Censured, resigned and jailed for three years for mail fraud. First African American to serve in Congress from Michigan. The first person to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 91st United States Congress during the first session.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of Earl Chudoff In 1958. Lost office during renomination. First African American to serve in Congress from Pennsylvania.
- ↑ Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from California.
- ↑ First African-American to become Dean of the United States House of Representatives.
- ↑ Retired from office. First African-American woman to serve in Congress and the first African-American woman to run as a presidential candidate in 1972.
- ↑ Retired from office. His son, Lacy Clay, succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Missouri.
- ↑ Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Ohio. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 92nd United States Congress during the second session and in the 93rd United States Congress during the first session.
- ↑ Elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel Ronan. Died while in office and his wife, Cardiss Collins, filled the vacancy caused by his death.
- ↑ Resigned from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 101st United States Congress.
- ↑ Died while in office.
- ↑ Retired to run unsuccessfully as Lieutenant Governor of Maryland. First African American to serve in Congress from Maryland. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 95th United States Congress.
- ↑ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 93rd United States Congress during the second session and in the 94th United States Congress during the first session.
- ↑ Retired to run unsuccessfully as Attorney General of California. First woman to serve as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 94th United States Congress during the second session.
- ↑ Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Texas.
- ↑ Resigned to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of her husband, George W. Collins. Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 96th United States Congress.
- ↑ Retired from office. His son, Harold Ford, Jr. succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Tennessee.
- ↑ Reelected to the 107th United States Congress, but died before the commencement of the Congress. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 98th United States Congress
- ↑ Resigned to become President of the United Negro College Fund. Served as chair for the House Democratic Caucus during the 101st United States Congress and House Democratic Whip during the 102nd United States Congress.
- ↑ Died while in office. Served as chair for the Congressional Black Caucus in the 99th United States Congress.
- ↑ Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Diggs. Retired from office.
- ↑ Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 100th United States Congress.
- ↑ Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Resigned to become Mayor of Chicago.
- ↑ Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Adam Benjamin, Jr. Lost office during renomination. First African American to serve in Congress from Indiana.
- ↑ Retired from office.
- ↑ Retired from office. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 102nd United States Congress.
- ↑ Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate seat in Missouri.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Harold Washington. Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Joseph Addabbo. Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Resigned to become the United States Secretary of Agriculture.
- ↑ Resigned to become a pastor at the Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church.
- ↑ Served as Democratic chief whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses. Also, served as the Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the 110th through 112th Congresses.
- ↑ .Resigned to become Executive Director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd United States Congress. Also, served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress
- ↑ Died while in office. His son, Donald Payne Jr., succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from New Jersey. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 104th United States Congress.
- ↑ Elected to office to fill vacancy caused by death of Mickey Leland. Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Connecticut.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection; first African-American Democrat to be defeated for reelection by a Republican. Sentenced to 13 years for bribery after a corruption investigation.
- ↑ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 105th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the Democratic Steering Committee in the 105th through 108th Congresses. Served as Democratic chief deputy whip in the 106th through 112th Congresses.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of William H. Gray. Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Walter B. Jones, Sr.. Retired from office. Served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress.
- ↑ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 106th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the House Democratic Caucus in the 108th through 109th Congresses. Served as House majority whip in the 110th through 111th Congresses. Served as the Assistant Democratic Leader in the 112th United States Congress. Distant relative of George W. Murray.
- ↑ Retired from office. Youngest member of the 103rd United States Congress at age 30.
- ↑ Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th United States Congress.
- ↑ Lost office during renomination for the 2003 and 2007 term.
- ↑ Retired from office. Her son, Kendrick Meek, succeeded her in office.
- ↑ Resigned after being convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography and being sentenced to five years in prison.
- ↑ Resigned due to scandals involving accepting and demanding bribes while mayor of Compton. Tucker was sentenced to 27 months in prison for extortion and tax evasion.
- ↑ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th United States Congress. Resigned to become Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency
- ↑ Lost office during renomination and resigned.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mike Espy.
- ↑ Resigned following convictions for racketeering, fraud, and money laundering.
- ↑ Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Oklahoma. Served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through 107th Congresses.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mel Reynolds. Resigned, citing mental and physical health problems, but acknowledging that he was under two separate investigations by the House Ethics Committee and the FBI. Jackson pleaded guilty on February 20, 2013 to one count of wire and mail fraud. He was sentenced to 30 months in federal prison.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Walter Tucker. Died while in office.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Kweisi Mfume. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 108th United States Congress.
- ↑ Died while in office and her grandson, André Carson, filled the vacancy caused by her death.
- ↑ Succeeded his father, Harold Ford Sr., in office. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Tennessee. Youngest member of the 105th United States Congress at age 26.
- ↑ Lost office during renomination. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 110th United States Congress.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Floyd H. Flake.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Ron Dellums. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 111th United States Congress.
- ↑ Died while in office.
- ↑ Succeeded his father, Bill Clay, in office.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Julian C. Dixon. Retired from office.
- ↑ Resigned and was sentenced to four years in prison, two years supervised release, and fined $10,000, for mail fraud and money laundering.
- ↑ Retired to run unsuccessfully as Governor of Alabama. Became a member of the Republican Party in 2012.
- ↑ Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Georgia.
- ↑ Succeeded his mother, Carrie P. Meek, in office. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Florida.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank Ballance. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 114th United States Congress.
- ↑ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 112th United States Congress.
- ↑ First African American to serve in Congress from Wisconsin.
- ↑ First African American to serve in Congress from Minnesota and the first Muslim to serve in Congress.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Juanita Millender-McDonald. In 2012 was reprimanded due to use of Congressional office staff in 2010 House election campaign. Lost office during reelection.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his grandmother, Julia Carson.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Albert Wynn.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 113th United States Congress.
- ↑ Lost office during renomination.
- ↑ Appointed to Senate by South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley to replace Jim DeMint. Served as Republican assistant majority whip in the 112th United States Congress. First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress.
- ↑ Served as Democratic senior whip in the 112th United States Congress.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his father, Donald M. Payne.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection; first African-American Democrat to be defeated for reelection by a white Republican. First African American to serve in Congress from Nevada.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Jackson, Jr.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Mel Watt
- ↑ First female African-American Republican to serve in Congress, first African American to serve in Congress from Utah and first Haitian American to serve in Congress.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Chaka Fattah.[136]
- ↑ Elected to serve in Congress after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a Delegate by the District of Columbia Delegate Act of 1970. Retired to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of the District of Columbia. First African American to serve as a delegate for the District of Columbia. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th United States Congress.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
- ↑ Lost office during reelection.
- ↑ Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Virgin Islands. First woman elected to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
- ↑ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of James Mann. Denied seat due to a contested election that involved Caleb S. Hunt, but was permitted to address the House while in session.[144] First African American elected to Congress, but denied seat.
- ↑ Denied seat due to a contested election that involved George A. Sheridan.[146]
References
- ↑ "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
- ↑ "Time Line of African American History, 1881-1900". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
- 1 2 Terkel, Amanda (September 27, 2012). "Senate Likely To Remain Without Black Members For Years". Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ↑ "Rainey, Joseph Hayne, (1832 - 1887)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Long, Jefferson Franklin, (1836 - 1901)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "De Large, Robert Carlos, (1842 - 1874)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Elliott, Robert Brown, (1842 - 1884)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Turner, Benjamin Sterling, (1825 - 1894)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Walls, Josiah Thomas, (1842 - 1905)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Cain, Richard Harvey, (1825 - 1887)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Lynch, John Roy, (1847 - 1939)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Ransier, Alonzo Jacob, (1834 - 1882)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Rapier, James Thomas, (1837 - 1883)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Haralson, Jeremiah, (1846 - 1916)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Hyman, John Adams, (1840 - 1891)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Nash, Charles Edmund, (1844 - 1913)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Smalls, Robert, (1839 - 1915)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "O'Hara, James Edward, (1844 - 1905)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Cheatham, Henry Plummer, (1857 - 1935)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Langston, John Mercer, (1829 - 1897)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Miller, Thomas Ezekiel, (1849 - 1938)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Murray, George Washington, (1853 - 1926)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "White, George Henry, (1852 - 1918)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "De Priest, Oscar Stanton, (1871 - 1951)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Mitchell, Arthur Wergs, (1883 - 1968)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Dawson, William Levi, (1886 - 1970)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- 1 2 "Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., (1908 - 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Diggs, Charles Coles, Jr., (1922 - 1998)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Nix, Robert Nelson Cornelius, Sr., (1898 - 1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Hawkins, Augustus Freeman (Gus), (1907 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Conyers, John, Jr., (1929 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Chisholm, Shirley Anita, (1924 - 2005)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Clay, William Lacy, Sr., (1931 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Stokes, Louis, (1925 - 2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Collins, George Washington, (1925 - 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Dellums, Ronald V., (1935 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Metcalfe, Ralph Harold, (1910 - 1978)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Mitchell, Parren James, (1922 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Rangel, Charles B., (1930 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite, (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Jordan, Barbara Charline, (1936 - 1996)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Young, Andrew Jackson, Jr., (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Collins, Cardiss, (1931 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Ford, Harold Eugene, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Dixon, Julian Carey, (1934 - 2000)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Gray, William Herbert, III, (1941 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Leland, George Thomas (Mickey), (1944 - 1989)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Stewart, Bennett McVey, (1912 - 1988)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Crockett, George William, Jr., (1909 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Dymally, Mervyn Malcolm, (1926 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Savage, Gus, (1925 - 2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Washington, Harold, (1922 - 1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Hall, Katie Beatrice, (1938 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Owens, Major Robert Odell, (1936 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Towns, Edolphus, (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Wheat, Alan Dupree, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Hayes, Charles Arthur, (1918 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Waldon, Alton R., Jr., (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Espy, Alphonso Michael (Mike), (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Flake, Floyd Harold, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Lewis, John R., (1940 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Mfume, Kweisi, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Payne, Donald Milford, (1934 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Washington, Craig Anthony, (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Collins, Barbara-Rose, (1939 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Franks, Gary A., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Jefferson, William Jennings, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Waters, Maxine, (1938 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Blackwell, Lucien Edward, (1931 - 2003)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Clayton, Eva M., (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Bishop, Sanford Dixon, Jr., (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Brown, Corrine, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Clyburn, James Enos, (1940 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Fields, Cleo, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Hastings, Alcee Lamar, (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Hilliard, Earl Frederick, (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Johnson, Eddie Bernice, (1935 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "McKinney, Cynthia Ann, (1955 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Meek, Carrie P., (1926 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Reynolds, Mel, (1952 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Rush, Bobby L., (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Scott, Robert Cortez, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Tucker, Walter R., III, (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Watt, Melvin L., (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Wynn, Albert Russell, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Thompson, Bennie, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Fattah, Chaka, (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Jackson Lee, Sheila, (1950 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Watts, Julius Caesar, Jr. (J. C.), (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Jackson, Jesse L., Jr., (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Millender-McDonald, Juanita, (1938 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Cummings, Elijah Eugene, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Carson, Julia May, (1938 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Davis, Danny K., (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Ford, Harold, Jr., (1970 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Kilpatrick, Carolyn Cheeks, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Meeks, Gregory W., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Lee, Barbara, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, (1949 - 2008)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Clay, William Lacy, Jr., (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Watson, Diane Edith, (1933 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Ballance, Frank W., Jr., (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Davis, Artur, (1967 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Majette, Denise L., (1955 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Meek, Kendrick B., (1966 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Scott, David, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Butterfield, George Kenneth, Jr. (G.K.), (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
- ↑ "Cleaver, Emanuel, II, (1944 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Green, Al, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Moore, Gwendolynne S. (Gwen), (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Clarke, Yvette Diane, (1964 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Ellison, Keith, (1963 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Johnson, Hank, (1954 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Richardson, Laura, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Carson, André, (1974 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Edwards, Donna F., (1958 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Fudge, Marcia L., (1952 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Bass, Karen, (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Clarke, Hansen, (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Richmond, Cedric, (1973 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Scott, Tim, (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Sewell, Terri, (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "West, Allen, (1961 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Wilson, Frederica, (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Payne, Donald, Jr., (1958 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Beatty, Joyce, (1950 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Horsford, Steven, (1973 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Jeffries, Hakeem, (1970 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Veasey, Marc, (1971 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
- ↑ "Kelly, Robin L., (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Adams, Alma, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ↑ "Hurd, William Ballard, (1977 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ↑ "Lawrence, Brenda L., (1954 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ↑ "Love, Ludmya Bourdeau (Mia), (1975 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ↑ "Watson Coleman, Bonnie, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- 1 2 Tamari, Jonathan (November 15, 2016). "Dwight Evans Sworn in to Represent Philly-based 2nd District in U.S. House". Philly News. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
- ↑ "Fauntroy, Walter Edward, (1933 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Evans, Melvin Herbert, (1917 - 1984)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Norton, Eleanor Holmes, (1937 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Frazer, Victor O., (1943 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Christensen, Donna Marie, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ "Plaskett, Stacey M., (1964 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ↑ Office of the Historian. "John Willis Menard of Louisiana became the first African American to address the U.S. House, February 27, 1869". Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 226–228. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ↑ Office of the Historian. "'Crafting an Identity,' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Black Americans in Congress. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
- ↑ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 226–228. ISBN 9785880686292.
Further reading
- Christopher, Maurine (1971). America's Black Congressmen. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. ISBN 9780690085853.
- Clay, William L. (1992). Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991. Amistad Press. ISBN 1-56743-000-7.
- Dray, Philip (2008). Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-56370-8.
- Foner, Eric. Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction. 1996. Revised. ISBN 0-8071-2082-0
- Freedman, Eric. African Americans in Congress: A Documentary History. CQ Press, 2007. ISBN 0-87289-385-5
- Gill, LaVerne McCain. African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History. Rutgers University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8135-2353-2
- Hahn, Steven. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South From Slavery to the Great Migration. 2003. ISBN 0-674-01169-4
- Haskins, James. Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press, 1999. ISBN 1-57356-126-6
- Lynch, Matthew (2012). Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313397929.
- Middleton, Stephen. Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. ISBN 0-313-06512-8
- Rabinowitz, Howard N. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press, 1982. ISBN 0-252-00929-0
- Walton, Jr., Hanes; Puckett, Sherman C.; Deskins, Jr., Donald R. (2012). The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. Congressional Quarterly Press. ISBN 9780872895089.
- Wasniewski, Matthew as editor. Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2008. ISBN 978-0-16-080194-5. The website, Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see H. Doc. 108-224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. Made available by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO).
External links
- African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2012 A 66-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 - Present Perform search of desired Representative or Delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress.
- C-SPAN
- Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski, historian of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenter. He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007. The video is 164 minutes in length.
- African Americans in Congress in the 19th Century A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the nineteenth century. The video is 28:54 minutes in length.
- African Americans in Congress in the 20th Century A C-SPAN video with Ron Dellums, the former representative of the United States House of Representatives from California's 9th congressional district, and Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the twentieth century. The video is 43:59 minutes in length.
- Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007.
- Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate. Maintained by Blackpast.org.
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