List of instrument-resolved minor planets
The following list of instrument-resolved minor planets consists of minor planets whose disks have been resolved, whether by telescope, a visit by an unmanned spacecraft, or by observing the occultation of a background star from multiple sites. Disk resolution allows the density of an body to be computed, providing useful information about the internal composition. It can also be used to determine the shape of the object, to search for albedo features, and to look for companions.[1]
Techniques
Because of their distance from Earth and their small dimension, minor planets such as asteroids represent a challenge for astronomical instruments to resolve. Even two of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta, have maximum angular diameters of less than an arcsecond. With a ground-based optical telescope, resolution of these objects through the Earth's thick atmosphere can require techniques such as speckle interferometry or adaptive optics.[2][3]
Radio telescopes such as Arecibo or Goldstone have been used to observe asteroids. This technique can be used to measure the Doppler shifts and radar cross-sections of the bodies, while more detailed studies allow three-dimensional shape models to be built.[4] The first radar detection of a minor planet was 1566 Icarus by JPL astronomer Richard M. Goldstein in June 1968. This was followed by 1685 Toro in 1972.[5] A regular program of radar observation of the asteroid belt asteroids was begun in 1980 at Arecibo. Goldstone joined the effort in 1990. Together, they observed 37 main-belt asteroids between 1980–1997.[6]
A more direct approach to asteroid study, allowing the object to be examined greater detail, is to send a spacecraft to either make a fly-by or go into orbit. The first such asteroid to be imaged in this manner was 951 Gaspra in 1991 by the Galileo spacecraft. In 2000, the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft went into orbit around 433 Eros after making a fly-by of 253 Mathilde in 1997.[7]
Objects
The tables below list selected orbital elements and physical properties of radar-detected minor planets listed by region of the Solar System: asteroid belt, near-Earth objects, or trans-Neptunian objects. The semi-major axis (a), orbital eccentricity (e), inclination (i) to the ecliptic, and orbital period (P) is shown. Where possible, the number of decimals in maintained to the same limited level of significance in each column. This is because further detail is not needed for comparison purposes, and because the values can slightly change over time due to new measurements or gravitational perturbations. Where the SMASS spectral type is not available, the Tholen spectral type is listed in square brackets. For more detailed information on these objects, see their respective articles.
Asteroid belt
Designation | JPL Data[8] | Notes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orbital Elements | Rotation Period (hours) |
Maximum Diameter (km) |
Albedo (geometric) |
SMASSII Spectral Type | |||||
a (AU) |
e | i (Ecliptic) |
P (years) | ||||||
1 Ceres | 2.765 | 0.079 | 10.587° | 4.60 | 9.07 | 952 | 0.090 | C | [3][9][10] |
2 Pallas | 2.772 | 0.231 | 34.841° | 4.62 | 7.81 | 582 | 0.159 | B | [2][9] |
3 Juno | 2.671 | 0.255 | 12.981° | 4.37 | 7.21 | 234 | 0.238 | Sk | [11] |
4 Vesta | 2.362 | 0.089 | 7.134° | 3.63 | 5.34 | 529 | 0.423 | V | [2][3][9] |
5 Astraea | 2.574 | 0.190 | 5.367° | 4.13 | 16.80 | 119 | 0.227 | S | [6] |
6 Hebe | 2.425 | 0.202 | 14.750° | 3.78 | 7.27 | 185 | 0.268 | S | [6] |
7 Iris | 2.386 | 0.231 | 5.523° | 3.69 | 7.14 | 200 | 0.277 | S | [6][12] |
8 Flora | 2.201 | 0.156 | 5.888° | 3.27 | 12.87 | 136 | 0.243 | [S] | [6] |
9 Metis | 2.386 | 0.123 | 5.575° | 3.68 | 5.08 | 190 | 0.118 | [S] | [1][13] |
10 Hygiea | 3.139 | 0.116 | 3.841° | 5.56 | 27.62 | 407 | 0.072 | C | [11] |
12 Victoria | 2.335 | 0.221 | 8.367° | 3.57 | 8.66 | 113 | 0.177 | L | [14] |
13 Egeria | 2.577 | 0.085 | 16.546° | 4.14 | 7.05 | 208 | 0.083 | Ch | [15] |
15 Eunomia | 2.644 | 0.189 | 11.735° | 4.30 | 6.08 | 255 | 0.209 | S | [15] |
16 Psyche | 2.921 | 0.137 | 3.099° | 4.99 | 4.20 | 253 | 0.120 | X | [6][16] |
17 Thetis | 2.921 | 0.151 | 9.431° | 4.63 | 12.27 | 90 | 0.172 | Sl | [17] |
18 Melpomene | 2.296 | 0.218 | 10.127° | 3.48 | 11.57 | 141 | 0.223 | S | [1][6][13] |
19 Fortuna | 2.443 | 0.158 | 1.573° | 3.82 | 7.44 | 200 | 0.037 | Ch | [1][6][13] |
20 Massalia | 2.410 | 0.142 | 0.708° | 3.74 | 8.10 | 146 | 0.210 | S | [6] |
21 Lutetia | 2.435 | 0.163 | 3.064° | 3.80 | 8.17 | 96 | 0.221 | Xk | [6][18][19] |
22 Kalliope | 2.910 | 0.101 | 13.717° | 4.96 | 4.15 | 162 | 0.142 | X | [19] |
23 Thalia | 2.626 | 0.235 | 10.114° | 4.26 | 12.31 | 108 | 0.254 | S | [15] |
25 Phocaea | 2.399 | 0.256 | 21.594° | 3.72 | 9.93 | 75 | 0.231 | S | [15] |
27 Euterpe | 2.347 | 0.173 | 1.584° | 3.60 | 10.41 | 96 | 0.162 | S | [6] |
28 Bellona | 2.777 | 0.134 | 5.588° | 3.88 | 15.71 | 121 | 0.176 | S | [17] |
31 Euphrosyne | 3.157 | 0.224 | 26.322° | 5.61 | 5.53 | 256 | 0.054 | Cb | [15] |
33 Polyhymnia | 2.866 | 0.338 | 1.871° | 4.85 | 18.60 | 62[6] | — | Sq | [6] |
34 Circe | 2.689 | 0.106 | 5.504° | 4.41 | 12.15 | 114 | 0.054 | Ch | [17] |
36 Atalante | 2.747 | 0.303 | 18.436° | 4.55 | 9.93 | 106 | 0.065 | C | [15] |
38 Leda | 2.740 | 0.154 | 6.972° | 4.54 | 12.84 | 116 | 0.062 | Cgh | [15] |
39 Laetitia | 2.768 | 0.115 | 10.382° | 4.60 | 5.14 | 150 | 0.287 | S | [17] |
41 Daphne | 2.760 | 0.275 | 15.793° | 4.59 | 5.99 | 174 | 0.083 | Ch | [6] |
44 Nysa | 2.424 | 0.148 | 3.706° | 3.77 | 6.42 | 79 | 0.546 | Xc | [20] |
46 Hestia | 2.524 | 0.173 | 2.345° | 4.01 | 21.04 | 124 | 0.052 | Xc | [6] |
50 Virginia | 2.652 | 0.284 | 2.833° | 4.32 | 14.32 | 100 | 0.036 | Ch | [15] |
52 Europa | 3.097 | 0.107 | 7.480° | 5.45 | 5.63 | 303 | 0.058 | C | [17] |
53 Kalypso | 2.618 | 0.205 | 5.169° | 4.24 | 9.04 | 115 | 0.040 | [XC] | [15] |
54 Alexandra | 2.710 | 0.198 | 11.800° | 4.46 | 7.02 | 166 | 0.056 | C | [17] |
55 Pandora | 2.759 | 0.143 | 7.188° | 4.58 | 4.80 | 67 | 0.301 | X | [17] |
60 Echo | 2.392 | 0.184 | 3.602° | 3.70 | 25.21 | 60 | 0.254 | S | [15] |
63 Ausonia | 2.397 | 0.126 | 5.780° | 3.71 | 9.30 | 103 | 0.159 | Sa | [17] |
64 Angelina | 2.681 | 0.126 | 1.310° | 4.39 | 8.75 | 51[17] | 0.157 | Xe | [17][21] |
66 Maja | 2.647 | 0.171 | 3.048° | 4.31 | 9.73 | 72 | 0.062 | Ch | [15] |
68 Leto | 2.783 | 0.187 | 7.974° | 4.64 | 14.85 | 123 | 0.228 | [S] | [17] |
69 Hesperia | 2.977 | 0.169 | 8.584° | 5.14 | 5.66 | 138 | 0.140 | X | [21] |
71 Niobe | 2.755 | 0.176 | 23.260° | 4.57 | 35.81 | 83 | 0.305 | Xe | [19] |
78 Diana | 2.620 | 0.207 | 8.703° | 4.24 | 7.30 | 121 | 0.071 | Ch | [6] |
80 Sappho | 2.296 | 0.201 | 8.666° | 3.48 | 14.03 | 78 | 0.185 | S | [6] |
83 Beatrix | 2.433 | 0.081 | 4.965° | 3.80 | 10.16 | 81 | 0.092 | X | [19] |
84 Klio | 2.361 | 0.237 | 9.333° | 3.63 | 23.56 | 79 | 0.053 | Ch | [6] |
85 Io | 2.654 | 0.191 | 11.960° | 4.32 | 6.88 | 155 | 0.067 | B | [17] |
87 Sylvia | 3.493 | 0.083 | 10.858° | 6.53 | 5.184 | 261 | 0.044 | X | [22] |
88 Thisbe | 2.767 | 0.165 | 5.215° | 4.60 | 6.04 | 232 | 0.067 | B | [17] |
89 Julia | 2.551 | 0.183 | 16.138° | 4.07 | 11.39 | 151 | 0.176 | K | [17] |
90 Antiope | 3.154 | 0.157 | 2.220° | 5.60 | 16.51 | 120 | 0.060 | C | [23] |
93 Minerva | 2.754 | 0.142 | 8.562° | 4.57 | 5.982 | 142 | 0.073 | C | [16] |
95 Arethusa | 3.065 | 0.151 | 13.005° | 5.37 | 8.69 | 136 | 0.070 | Ch | [17] |
96 Aegle | 3.051 | 0.138 | 15.969° | 5.33 | 13.82 | 170 | 0.052 | T | [16] |
97 Klotho | 2.670 | 0.255 | 11.785° | 4.36 | 35.15 | 83 | 0.229 | [M] | [6][19] |
101 Helena | 2.582 | 0.142 | 10.203° | 4.15 | 23.08 | 66 | 0.190 | S | [15] |
105 Artemis | 2.376 | 0.176 | 21.455° | 3.66 | 37.16 | 119 | 0.047 | Ch | [6][16] |
107 Camilla | 3.495 | 0.073 | 10.038° | 6.53 | 4.84 | 223 | 0.053 | X | [17] |
109 Felicitas | 2.697 | 0.298 | 7.885° | 4.43 | 13.19 | 89 | 0.070 | Ch | [15] |
110 Lydia | 2.732 | 0.078 | 5.973° | 4.52 | 10.93 | 86 | 0.181 | X | [19] |
111 Ate | 2.594 | 0.103 | 4.930° | 4.18 | 22.2 | 135 | 0.061 | Ch | [15] |
114 Kassandra | 2.676 | 0.137 | 4.937° | 4.38 | 10.76 | 100 | 0.088 | Xk | [15] |
127 Johanna | 2.756 | 0.065 | 8.242° | 4.57 | 12.80 | 122 | — | Ch | [15] |
128 Nemesis | 2.751 | 0.125 | 6.248° | 4.56 | 39 | 188 | 0.050 | C | [15] |
129 Antigone | 2.870 | 0.212 | 12.212° | 4.86 | 4.96 | 113 | 0.164 | X | [19] |
130 Elektra | 3.124 | 0.209 | 22.866° | 5.52 | 5.23 | 182 | 0.076 | Ch | [17] |
135 Hertha | 2.429 | 0.206 | 2.304° | 3.79 | 8.40 | 98 | 0.144 | Xk | [19] |
137 Meliboea | 3.120 | 0.218 | 13.414° | 5.51 | 25.68 | 145 | 0.050 | [C] | [15] |
139 Juewa | 2.782 | 0.175 | 10.907° | 4.64 | 20.99 | 157 | 0.056 | X | [6] |
144 Vibilia | 2.653 | 0.236 | 4.808° | 4.32 | 13.82 | 142 | 0.060 | Ch | [6] |
145 Adeona | 2.672 | 0.145 | 12.639° | 4.37 | 15.09 | 151 | 0.043 | Ch | [15] |
152 Atala | 3.142 | 0.076 | 12.113° | 5.57 | 6.25 | 65[17] | — | S | [17] |
158 Koronis | 2.869 | 0.054 | 1.001° | 4.86 | 14.22 | 35 | 0.277 | S | [17] |
165 Loreley | 3.123 | 0.085 | 11.227° | 5.52 | 7.23 | 155 | 0.064 | Cb | [17] |
167 Urda | 2.852 | 0.033 | 2.211° | 4.82 | 13.07 | 40 | 0.223 | Sk | [17] |
182 Elsa | 2.416 | 0.186 | 2.004° | 3.75 | 80.09 | 44 | 0.208 | S | [15] |
192 Nausikaa | 2.402 | 0.246 | 6.816° | 3.72 | 13.63 | 103 | 0.233 | Cl | [6][15] |
198 Ampella | 2.459 | 0.229 | 9.311° | 3.86 | 20.78 | 57 | 0.252 | S | [15] |
208 Lacrimosa | 2.891 | 0.015 | 1.749° | 4.92 | 14.09 | 41 | 0.270 | Sk | [17] |
211 Isolda | 3.040 | 0.163 | 3.883° | 5.30 | 18.37 | 143 | 0.060 | Ch | [15] |
216 Kleopatra | 2.797 | 0.249 | 13.100° | 4.68 | 5.39 | 124 | 0.116 | Xe | [13][19][24] |
224 Oceana | 2.646 | 0.045 | 5.838° | 4.30 | 9.39 | 62 | 0.169 | [M] | [19] |
225 Henrietta | 3.391 | 0.265 | 20.873° | 6.24 | 7.36 | 120 | 0.040 | [F] | [15] |
230 Athamantis | 2.383 | 0.062 | 9.440° | 3.68 | 24.01 | 109 | 0.171 | Sl | [6] |
243 Ida | 2.860 | 0.042 | 1.133° | 4.84 | 4.63 | 32 | 0.238 | S | [7][25] |
247 Eukrate | 2.741 | 0.243 | 24.999° | 4.54 | 12.10 | 134 | 0.060 | Xc | [15] |
253 Mathilde | 2.645 | 0.267 | 6.743° | 4.30 | 417.7 | 53 | 0.044 | Cb | [7][26] |
266 Aline | 2.804 | 0.158 | 13.401° | 4.69 | 12.3 | 109 | 0.045 | Ch | [15] |
270 Anahita | 2.199 | 0.151 | 2.366° | 3.26 | 15.06 | 51 | 0.217 | [S] | [15] |
276 Adelheid | 3.114 | 0.071 | 21.651° | 5.50 | 6.32 | 122 | 0.045 | [X] | [17] |
288 Glauke | 2.759 | 0.208 | 4.326° | 4.58 | 1200 | 32 | 0.197 | S | [27] |
302 Clarissa | 2.406 | 0.111 | 3.413° | 3.73 | 14.38 | 39 | 0.052 | [F] | [17] |
306 Unitas | 2.358 | 0.150 | 7.269° | 3.62 | 8.74 | 47 | 0.211 | S | [17] |
313 Chaldaea | 2.375 | 0.181 | 11.654° | 3.66 | 8.39 | 96 | 0.052 | [C] | [15] |
324 Bamberga | 2.686 | 0.337 | 11.103° | 4.40 | 29.43 | 229 | 0.063 | [CP] | [6][15] |
325 Heidelberga | 3.209 | 0.160 | 8.559° | 5.75 | 6.74 | 76 | 0.107 | [M] | [19] |
336 Lacadiera | 2.252 | 0.096 | 5.652° | 3.38 | 13.70 | 69 | 0.046 | Xk | [15] |
347 Pariana | 2.611 | 0.166 | 11.681° | 4.22 | 4.05 | 51 | 0.185 | [M] | [19] |
354 Eleonora | 2.798 | 0.115 | 18.392° | 4.68 | 4.28 | 155 | 0.195 | Sl | [15] |
356 Liguria | 2.757 | 0.238 | 8.227° | 4.58 | 31.8 | 131 | 0.053 | [C] | [28] |
372 Palma | 3.150 | 0.261 | 23.835° | 5.59 | 8.57 | 189 | 0.066 | B | [17] |
375 Ursula | 3.123 | 0.107 | 15.949° | 5.52 | 16.83 | 216 | — | Xc | [29] |
393 Lampetia | 2.776 | 0.332 | 14.880° | 4.63 | 38.7 | 97 | 0.083 | Xc | [6] |
405 Thia | 2.584 | 0.244 | 11.950° | 4.15 | 10.08 | 125 | 0.047 | Ch | [15] |
409 Aspasia | 2.576 | 0.072 | 11.260° | 4.13 | 9.02 | 162 | 0.061 | Xc | [17] |
429 Lotis | 2.607 | 0.124 | 9.535° | 4.21 | 13.58 | 70 | 0.043 | [C] | [15] |
444 Gyptis | 2.770 | 0.174 | 10.283° | 4.61 | 6.21 | 163 | 0.049 | C | [15] |
471 Papagena | 2.886 | 0.233 | 14.979° | 4.90 | 7.11 | 134 | 0.199 | S | [17] |
488 Kreusa | 3.175 | 0.162 | 11.484° | 5.66 | 19.26 | 150 | 0.059 | [C] | [15] |
497 Iva | 2.857 | 0.296 | 4.809° | 4.83.0 | 4.62 | 45 | — | [M] | [19] |
505 Cava | 2.685 | 0.245 | 9.841° | 4.40 | 8.18 | 115 | 0.040 | [FC] | [15] |
532 Herculina | 2.770 | 0.178 | 16.314° | 4.61 | 9.41 | 222 | 0.169 | S | [6] |
554 Peraga | 2.375 | 0.153 | 2.935° | 3.66 | 13.7 | 96 | 0.050 | Ch | [6] |
622 Esther | 2.415 | 0.243 | 8.645° | 3.75 | 47.5 | — | — | S | [15] |
624 Hektor | 5.242 | 0.023 | 18.181° | 12.00 | 6.92 | 225 | 0.025 | [D] | [13] |
654 Zelinda | 2.297 | 0.231 | 18.120° | 3.48 | 31.74 | 127 | 0.043 | Ch | [14] |
678 Fredegundis | 2.574 | 0.219 | 6.082° | 4.13 | 11.616 | 42 | 0.249 | X | [19] |
694 Ekard | 2.669 | 0.325 | 15.843° | 4.36 | 5.93 | 91 | 0.046 | [CP] | [6] |
704 Interamnia | 3.059 | 0.151 | 17.296° | 5.35 | 8.73 | 317 | 0.074 | B | [15] |
747 Winchester | 2.999 | 0.341 | 18.168° | 5.19 | 9.41 | 172 | 0.050 | C | [17] |
758 Mancunia | 3.189 | 0.152 | 5.605° | 5.69 | 12.73 | 85 | 0.132 | [X] | [19] |
771 Libera | 2.650 | 0.248 | 14.944° | 4.31 | 5.89 | 29 | 0.130 | X | [19] |
779 Nina | 2.666 | 0.224 | 14.574° | 4.35 | 11.2 | 77 | 0.144 | X | [19] |
785 Zwetana | 2.574 | 0.209 | 12.750° | 4.13 | 8.89 | 49 | 0.125 | Cb | [19] |
796 Sarita | 2.637 | 0.318 | 19.043° | 4.28 | 8.18 | 45 | 0.197 | X | [6][19] |
849 Ara | 3.150 | 0.198 | 19.526° | 5.59 | 4.12 | 62 | 0.266 | [M] | [17] |
914 Palisana | 2.458 | 0.212 | 25.218° | 3.85 | 15.92 | 77 | 0.094 | [CU] | [15] |
925 Alphonsina | 2.700 | 0.080 | 21.063° | 4.44 | 7.88 | 54 | 0.279 | S | [10][17] |
951 Gaspra | 2.209 | 0.173 | 4.102° | 3.28 | 7.04 | 12 | — | X | [7] |
1139 Atami | 1.948 | 0.255 | 13.087° | 2.72 | 27.45 | 5–6 | — | S | [30] |
1263 Varsavia | 2.666 | 0.187 | 29.268° | 4.35 | 7.23 | 49 | 0.046 | Xc | [17] |
1580 Betulia | 2.196 | 0.4880 | 52.11° | 3.25 | 6.13 | 5.8 | 0.08 | [C] | [31] |
1963 Bezovec | 2.422 | 0.211 | 25.046° | 3.77 | 18.16 | 45 | 0.038 | [C] | [15] |
2685 Masursky | 2.568 | 0.111 | 12.135° | 4.11 | — | 20 | — | — | [7][32] |
2867 Šteins | 2.364 | 0.146 | 9.943° | 3.63 | 6.05 | 5.3 | — | — | [33] |
4179 Toutatis | 2.530 | 0.629 | 0.446° | 4.02 | 176 | 5.4 | — | Sk | [27][34] |
4486 Mithra | 2.203 | 0.661 | 3.037° | 3.27 | 67 | 2 | — | — | [27] |
5535 Annefrank | 2.213 | 0.064 | 4.246° | 3.29 | — | 6.6 | — | — | [7] |
6489 Golevka | 2.498 | 0.605 | 2.277° | 3.95 | 6.02 | 0.5 | 0.151 | [Q] | [27][35] |
9969 Braille | 2.346 | 0.431 | 28.918° | 3.59 | 226.4 | 2.1 | — | [Q] | [36] |
Near-Earth asteroids
Designation | JPL Data[8] | Notes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orbital Elements | Rotation Period (hours) |
Maximum Diameter (km) |
Albedo (geometric) |
SMASSII Spectral Type | |||||
a (AU) |
e | i (Ecliptic) |
P (years) | ||||||
433 Eros | 1.458 | 0.223 | 10.828° | 1.76 | 5.27 | 17 | 0.25 | S | [7][37] |
1566 Icarus | 1.078 | 0.827 | 22.828° | 1.12 | 2.27 | 1.0 | 0.51 | — | [38] |
1620 Geographos | 1.246 | 0.335 | 13.336° | 1.39 | 5.22 | 2.6 | 0.326 | S | [27][39] |
1627 Ivar | 1.863 | 0.397 | 8.449° | 2.54 | 4.80 | 9.1 | 0.15 | S | [40] |
1685 Toro | 1.367 | 0.436 | 9.380° | 1.60 | 10.2 | 3.4 | 0.31 | S | [41] |
1862 Apollo | 1.470 | 0.560 | 6.354° | 1.78 | 3.07 | 1.5 | 0.25 | Q | [42] |
2062 Aten | 0.967 | 0.183 | 18.934° | 0.95 | 40.8 | 1.1 | 0.26 | Sr | [43] |
2063 Bacchus | 1.078 | 0.349 | 9.433° | 1.12 | 14.90 | 2 | — | Sq | [27][44] |
2100 Ra-Shalom | 0.832 | 0.436 | 15.758° | 0.76 | 19.80 | 2.3 | 0.13 | Xc | [45] |
2101 Adonis | 1.875 | 0.764 | 1.333° | 2.57 | — | 0.6 | — | — | [43] |
3103 Eger | 1.405 | 0.354 | 20.932° | 1.66 | 5.71 | 1.5 | 0.64 | Xe | [43] |
3908 Nyx | 1.927 | 0.459 | 2.182° | 2.68 | 4.43 | 1.0 | 0.23 | V | [27] |
4544 Xanthus | 1.042 | 0.250 | 14.146° | 1.06 | 37.7 | 1.3 | — | — | [43] |
4769 Castalia | 1.063 | 0.483 | 8.888° | 1.10 | 4.10 | 1.4 | — | — | [27][46][47] |
5381 Sekhmet | 0.947 | 0.296 | 48.970° | 0.92 | 2.7 | 1.0 | — | — | [48] |
(6178) 1986 DA | 2.818 | 0.583 | 4.309° | 4.73 | 3.50 | 2.3 | 0.15 | — | [49] |
(7822) 1991 CS | 1.123 | 0.165 | 37.121° | 1.19 | 2.39 | 0.2 | 0.14 | S | [50] |
25143 Itokawa | 1.324 | 0.280 | 1.622° | 1.52 | 12.13 | 0.5 | — | S(IV) | [51] |
(53319) 1999 JM8 | 2.708 | 0.649 | 13.830° | 4.46 | 136 | 7 | — | [X] | [52] |
(66391) 1999 KW4 | 0.642 | 0.688 | 38.888° | 0.51 | 2.76 | 1.3 | — | S: | [53] |
(136617) 1994 CC | 1.638 | 0.417 | 4.683° | 2.10 | 2.389 | 0.6 | — | [Sq] | [54] |
1998 KY26 | 1.232 | 0.201 | 1.481° | 1.37 | 0.19 | 0.03 | — | — | [55] |
2004 XP14 | 1.052 | 0.159 | 32.950° | 1.08 | 100 | 0.3 | — | [E or M] | [56] |
Trans-Neptunian objects
Designation | JPL Data[8] | Notes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orbital Elements | Rotation Period (hours) |
Maximum Diameter (km) |
Albedo (geometric) |
SMASSII Spectral Type | |||||
a (AU) |
e | i (Ecliptic) |
P (years) | ||||||
50000 Quaoar | 43.270 | 0.039 | 7.996 | 284.64 | 17.68 | — | — | — | [10] |
134340 Pluto | 39.445 | 0.250 | 17.089° | 247.74 | 153.29 | — | — | — | [57] |
136199 Eris | 68.071 | 0.434 | 43.818° | 561.63 | 25.9 | — | — | — | [10][58] |
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 Storrs, Alex; et al. (February 1999), "Imaging Observations of Asteroids with Hubble Space Telescope" (PDF), Icarus, 137 (2): 260–268, Bibcode:1999Icar..137..260S, doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6047, retrieved 2011-07-29
- 1 2 3 Worden, S. P.; et al. (January 1979), "Angular diameter of the asteroids Vesta and Pallas determined from speckle observations", Astronomical Journal, 84: 140–142, Bibcode:1979AJ.....84..140W, doi:10.1086/112400
- 1 2 3 Drummond, Jack D.; et al. (March 1998), "Full Adaptive Optics Images of Asteroids Ceres and Vesta; Rotational Poles and Triaxial Ellipsoid Dimensions", Icarus, 132 (1): 80–99, Bibcode:1998Icar..132...80D, doi:10.1006/icar.1997.5882
- ↑ Ostro, S. J.; Connelly, R.; Belkora, L. (January 1988), "Asteroid shapes from radar echo spectra - A new theoretical approach" (PDF), Icarus, 73: 15–24, Bibcode:1988Icar...73...15O, doi:10.1016/0019-1035(88)90083-8, retrieved 2011-10-27
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|contribution=
ignored (help) - ↑ Ostro, S. J.; Campbell, D. B.; Shapiro, I. I. (August 1985), "Mainbelt asteroids - Dual-polarization radar observations", Science, 229 (4712): 442–446, Bibcode:1985Sci...229..442O, doi:10.1126/science.229.4712.442, PMID 17738665
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- ↑ Miner, Ellis D.; Matson, Dennis L.; Spilker, Linda J. (January 2006), P. Blondel and J. Mason, eds., "Solar System Update", Solar System Update, Springer Praxis Books, Berlin: Springer: 217–249, Bibcode:2006ssu..book..217M, doi:10.1007/3-540-37683-6_9, ISBN 3-540-26056-0
|chapter=
ignored (help) - ↑ Keller, H. U.; et al. (January 2010), "E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta", Science, 327 (5962): 190–193, Bibcode:2010Sci...327..190K, doi:10.1126/science.1179559
- ↑ Hudson, R. Scott; Ostro, Steven J. (October 1995), "Shape and Non-Principal Axis Spin State of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis", Science, 270 (5233): 84–86, Bibcode:1995Sci...270...84H, doi:10.1126/science.270.5233.84
- ↑ Hudson, R. S.; et al. (November 2000), "Radar Observations and Physical Model of Asteroid 6489 Golevka", Icarus, 148 (1): 37–51, Bibcode:2000Icar..148...37H, doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6483
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External links
- The 456 Radar-Detected Asteroids and Comets, NASA JPL, retrieved 2011-10-27
- Benner, Lance A. M., Asteroid Radar Research, JPL, retrieved 2011-10-27
- Benner, Lance A. M., "Asteroid Radar History", Asteroid Radar Research, NASA/JPL, retrieved 2012-02-20