Loetoeng Kasaroeng
| Loetoeng Kasaroeng | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Directed by | L. Heuveldorp |
| Starring | Martoana |
| Cinematography | G. Krugers |
Production company |
Java Film |
Release dates | 31 December 1926 |
Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Language | Silent |
Loetoeng Kasaroeng is a 1926 fantasy film from the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) which was directed and produced by L. Heuveldorp. An adaptation of the Sundanese folktale Lutung Kasarung (The Lost Lutung), the film tells of a young girl who falls in love with a magical lutung and stars the children of noblemen. Details on its performance are unavailable, although it is known to have been of poor technical quality and thought to have performed poorly. It was the first film produced in the country and the first to feature a native-Indonesian cast. It is likely a lost film.
Plot
Purbasari and Purbararang are sisters and in competition. Purbararang, the elder sister, teases Purbasari about the latter's lover, a lutung named Guru Minang; Purbarang's boyfriend, Indrajaya, is a handsome human. However, the girls discover that Guru Minang is actually a god who is more handsome than Indrajaya.[1]
Production
The first showing of films in the Dutch East Indies was in 1900,[2] and over the next twenty years foreign productions – generally from the United States – were imported and shown throughout the country.[3] Domestic production of documentaries had begun in 1911[4] but were unable to compete with imported works.[3] By 1923 a local feature film production spearheaded by the Middle East Film Co. was announced, but the work was not completed.[5]
Under pressure from imported works, in 1926 N.V. Java Film, a production house based in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) which had previously produced a single documentary, Inlanders op de Krokodillenjacht (Native Crocodile Hunters), chose to make a feature film based on the Sundanese folktale Lutung Kasarung. The company's owner, L. Heuveldorp served as director and producer, while its laboratory head G. Krugers handled cinematography and processing.[6][1] Little biographical information is available regarding the background of both men, although it was reported that Heuveldorp had previous experience from working in the United States.[7]
The cast was drawn entirely from the priyayi (noble) class, under the coordination of school headmaster Kartabrata.[6] Among the cast were children of Wiranatakusumah V, the regent of Bandung;[1] he had agreed to help fund the film to promote Sundanese culture,[8] and had previously brought the story to the stage.[9] Further subsidies had come from the Ministry of Defence, which donated trucks to ease filming.[10]
Filming had begun by August 1926,[6] when several scenes were shot in a cave that had been excavated for the production on Karang Hill. Heuveldorp, unable to force the actors to play their roles seriously, shot several scenes with them acting as they wished before showing them the results; upon realising that their acting had been disappointing, the cast began to listen to stage directions. Afterwards they began rehearsing each scene at least twice, with Kartabrata standing behind the cameraman and giving directions.[10]
Release and reception
The film was screened on 31 December 1926 at the Oriental and Elita Theatres in Bandung,[1][10] making it the first domestically-produced feature film and the first with a native cast.[11][12] The advertisements were in both Dutch- and Malay-language publications. The film was screened for only a week, with live Sundanese gamelan performances providing music,[13] after which Loetoeng Kasaroeng was replaced with Hollywood films.[10] Although its box office performance is not recorded, it is thought to have been poor.[14]
A review by "Bandoenger" in Panorama magazine considered the film of poor technical quality compared to imported films, suggesting that the production was underfunded; the review states that some actors were not paid for their work.[13][15] The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran wrote that Loetoeng Kasaroeng would have been poorly received outside of East Java, owing to Sundanese culture and dance not being considered interesting to other ethnic groups, particularly the Javanese.[13] William van der Heide, a lecturer on film studies at the University of Newcastle in Australia, notes that the tendency of European filmmakers to depict natives as primitives may also have influenced the poor ticket sales.[12]
Legacy
Although Heuveldorp is not recorded as being involved in any more fiction film productions,[7] Krugers went on to direct several films, including the area's first talkie, Karnadi Anemer Bangkong (1931), before leaving the country in 1936.[16] At least one of the cast members, Oemar, is recorded as continuing to act.[17] Lutung Kasarung was adapted to film twice further, in 1952 and 1983.[1]
After Loetoeng Kasaroeng was released, numerous domestic films were made. The second domestic production, Eulis Atjih (1927), was directed by Krugers and received a wider release.[11] With the release of Lily van Java (Lily of Java) in 1928, ethnic Chinese became involved in the industry; by 1940 native directors had become common.[18] However, the first truly Indonesian film is considered to be Usmar Ismail's Darah dan Doa (The Long March) in 1950,[19][20] released after the Dutch recognised Indonesia's independence in 1949.[21]
Loetoeng Kasaroeng is likely a lost film. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider wrote that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost.[22] However, JB Kristanto's Katalog Film Indonesia (Indonesian Film Catalogue) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives, and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service.[23]
See also
References
Footnotes
- 1 2 3 4 5 Filmindonesia.or.id, Loetoeng Kasaroeng.
- ↑ Biran 2009, p. 2.
- 1 2 Biran 2009, pp. 33–35.
- ↑ Biran 2009, p. 53.
- ↑ Biran 2009, p. 57.
- 1 2 3 Biran 2009, pp. 60–61.
- 1 2 Said 1982, p. 6.
- ↑ Biran 2009, p. 63.
- ↑ Setiawati 2012, Sundanese Tale.
- 1 2 3 4 Biran 2009, pp. 66–68.
- 1 2 Biran 2009, p. 73.
- 1 2 van der Heide 2002, p. 127.
- 1 2 3 Biran 2009, p. 69.
- ↑ Biran 2009, p. 72.
- ↑ Said 1982, p. 16.
- ↑ Filmindonesia.or.id, G. Krugers.
- ↑ Biran 2009, p. 115.
- ↑ Biran 2009, pp. 379–381.
- ↑ Biran 2009, p. 45.
- ↑ Sabarini 2008, National Film Day.
- ↑ Kahin 1952, p. 445.
- ↑ Heider 1991, p. 14.
- ↑ Biran 2009, p. 351.
Bibliography
- Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa [History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2.
- "G. Krugers". filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfidan Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- van der Heide, William (2002). Malaysian Cinema, Asian Film: Border Crossings and National Cultures. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5356-580-3.
- Heider, Karl G (1991). Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1367-3.
- Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9108-5.
- "Loetoeng Kasaroeng". filmindonesia.or.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfidan Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
- Sabarini, Prodita (23 March 2008). "National Film Day Time to Reflect to History". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- Said, Salim (1982). Profil Dunia Film Indonesia [Profile of Indonesian Cinema] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grafiti Pers. OCLC 9507803.
- Setiawati, Indah (20 May 2012). "Sundanese Tale of Divine Ape Hits Theater". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.