Pagaruyung Kingdom

Malayapura
Pagaruyuang
1347–1833
Vertical tricolour (L to R: black, red, yellow)
Marawa Minangkabau Royal seal[1]
Central Territorial of Pagaruyung now in West Sumatra Province of Indonesia (green area)
Capital Pagaruyung, Sumatra
Languages Sanskrit, Minang, and Melayu
Religion Buddhism (First Era), Animism, Sunni Islam (Last Era)
Government Monarchy
Maharaja Diraja
   1347-1375
(First King)
Adityawarman
  1789-1833
Last King)
Sultan Tangkal Alam
History
   Established 1347
   Padri War 1833
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Dharmasraya
Dutch East Indies
Today part of  Indonesia
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Pagaruyung (also Pagarruyung, Pagar Ruyung and, Malayapura or Malayupura)[2] was the seat of the Minangkabau kings of Western Sumatra,[3] though little is known about it. Modern Pagaruyung is a village in Tanjung Emas subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency, located near the town of Batusangkar, Indonesia.

History

Beginnings

Adityawarman is believed to have founded the kingdom and presided over the central Sumatra region between 1347 and 1375,[4] most likely to control the local gold trade. The few artefacts recovered from Adityawarman’s reign include a number of stones containing inscriptions, and statues. Some of these items were found at Bukit Gombak, a hill near modern Pagarruyung, and it is believed a royal palace was located there.

There is a major gap in the historical picture in the Minangkabau highlands between the last date of Adityawarman’s inscription in 1375 and Tomé Pires Suma Oriental,[5] written some time between 1513 and 1515.

By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World (Raja Alam), the King of Adat (Raja Adat), and the King of Religion (Raja Ibadat). Collectively they were called the Kings of the Three Seats (Rajo Tigo Selo).

The first European to enter the region was Thomas Dias, a Portuguese employed by the Dutch governor of Malacca.[6] He travelled from the east coast to reach the region in 1684 and reported, probably from hearsay, that there was a palace at Pagaruyung and that visitors had to go through three gates to enter it.[7] The primary local occupations at the time were gold panning and agriculture, he reported.

An inscribed stone from Adityawarman's kingdom

Padri War

Main article: Padri War

A civil war started in 1803 with the Padri fundamentalist Islamic group in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagarruyung royals. The original Pagaruyung Palace on Batu Patah Hill was burned down during a riot in Padri War back in 1804. During the conflict most of the Minangkabau royal family were killed in 1815, on the orders of Tuanku Lintau.

The British controlled the west coast of Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. Stamford Raffles visited Pagarruyung in 1818, reaching it from the west coast, and by then it had been burned to the ground three times. It was rebuilt after the first two fires, but abandoned after the third, and Raffles found little more than waringin trees.

The Dutch returned to Padang in May 1819. As a result of a treaty with a number of penghulu and representatives of the murdered Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821.

The prestige of Pagaruyung remained high among the Minangkabau communities in the rantau, and when the members of the court were scattered following a failed rebellion against the Dutch in 1833, one of the princes was invited to become ruler in Kuantan.[8]

Notes

Sources

  • Ambler, John S. (1988). "Historical Perspectives on Sawah Cultivation and the Political and Economic Context for Irrigation in West Sumatra". Indonesia. Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University. 46 (46): 39–77. doi:10.2307/3351044. JSTOR 3351044. 
  • Bosch, Frederik David Kan (1930). De rijkssieraden van Pagar Roejoeng (in Dutch). Batavia: Oudheidkundig Verslag (Archaeological Report). pp. 49–108. 
  • de Casparis, J. G. (1975). Indonesian palaeography: a history of writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500. Brill. ISBN 978-9004041721. 
  • Coedès, George (1968). Vella, Walter F., ed. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0824803681. 
  • Colombijn, Free (2005). "A Moving History of Middle Sumatra, 1600–1870". Modern Asian Studies. 39 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1017/S0026749X04001374. 
  • Pires, Tomé (1990) [1513]. Cortesão, Armando, ed. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires. Laurie. ISBN 978-8120605350. 
  • Dobbin, Christine (1977). "Economic change in Minangkabau as a factor in the rise of the Padri movement, 1784-1830". Indonesia. Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University. 23 (1): 1–38. doi:10.2307/3350883. JSTOR 3350883. 
  • Drakard, Jane (1999). A Kingdom of Words: Language and Power in Sumatra. OUP. ISBN 983-56-0035-X. 
  • Miksic, John (2004). "From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra.". Indonesia and the Malay World. 32 (93): 191. doi:10.1080/1363981042000320134. 
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