Isotopes of manganese
Naturally occurring manganese (Mn) is composed of 1 stable isotope, 55Mn. 25 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 53Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 minute, but only 45Mn has an unknown half-life. The least stable is 44Mn with a half-life shorter than 105 nanoseconds. This element also has 3 meta states.
Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before supernova explosion. 53Mn decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn occurs only in tiny amounts due to the action of cosmic rays on iron in rocks.[1] Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with chromium isotopic contents and have found application in isotope geology and radiometric dating. Mn−Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from 26Al and 107Pd for the early history of the solar system. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several meteorites indicate an initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio that suggests Mn−Cr isotopic systematics must result from in-situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence 53Mn provides additional evidence for nucleosynthetic processes immediately before coalescence of the solar system.
The isotopes of manganese range in atomic weight from 46 u (46Mn) to 65 u (65Mn). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.
Relative atomic mass: 54.938045(5).
Table
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[2][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
44Mn | 25 | 19 | 44.00687(54)# | <105 ns | p | 43Cr | (2−)# | ||
45Mn | 25 | 20 | 44.99451(32)# | unknown | p | 44Cr | (7/2−)# | ||
46Mn | 25 | 21 | 45.98672(12)# | 37(3) ms | β+ (78%) | 46Cr | (4+) | ||
β+, p (22%) | 45V | ||||||||
β+, α (<1%) | 42Ti | ||||||||
β+, 2p (<1%) | 44Ti | ||||||||
46mMn | 150(100)# keV | 1# ms | β+ | 46Cr | 1-# | ||||
47Mn | 25 | 22 | 46.97610(17)# | 100(50) ms | β+ (96.6%) | 47Cr | 5/2−# | ||
β+, p (3.4%) | 46V | ||||||||
48Mn | 25 | 23 | 47.96852(12) | 158.1(22) ms | β+ (99.71%) | 48Cr | 4+ | ||
β+, p (.027%) | 47V | ||||||||
β+, α (6×10−4%) | 44Ti | ||||||||
49Mn | 25 | 24 | 48.959618(26) | 382(7) ms | β+ | 49Cr | 5/2− | ||
50Mn | 25 | 25 | 49.9542382(11) | 283.29(8) ms | β+ | 50Cr | 0+ | ||
50mMn | 229(7) keV | 1.75(3) min | β+ | 50Cr | 5+ | ||||
51Mn | 25 | 26 | 50.9482108(11) | 46.2(1) min | β+ | 51Cr | 5/2− | ||
52Mn | 25 | 27 | 51.9455655(21) | 5.591(3) d | β+ | 52Cr | 6+ | ||
52mMn | 377.749(5) keV | 21.1(2) min | β+ (98.25%) | 52Cr | 2+ | ||||
IT (1.75%) | 52Mn | ||||||||
53Mn | 25 | 28 | 52.9412901(9) | 3.7(4)×106 y | EC | 53Cr | 7/2− | trace | |
54Mn | 25 | 29 | 53.9403589(14) | 312.03(3) d | EC 99.99% | 54Cr | 3+ | ||
β− (2.9×10−4%) | 54Fe | ||||||||
β+ (5.76×10−7%) | 54Cr | ||||||||
55Mn | 25 | 30 | 54.9380451(7) | Stable | 5/2− | 1.0000 | |||
56Mn | 25 | 31 | 55.9389049(7) | 2.5789(1) h | β− | 56Fe | 3+ | ||
57Mn | 25 | 32 | 56.9382854(20) | 85.4(18) s | β− | 57Fe | 5/2− | ||
58Mn | 25 | 33 | 57.93998(3) | 3.0(1) s | β− | 58Fe | 1+ | ||
58mMn | 71.78(5) keV | 65.2(5) s | β− (>99.9%) | 58Fe | (4)+ | ||||
IT (<.1%) | 58Mn | ||||||||
59Mn | 25 | 34 | 58.94044(3) | 4.59(5) s | β− | 59Fe | (5/2)− | ||
60Mn | 25 | 35 | 59.94291(9) | 51(6) s | β− | 60Fe | 0+ | ||
60mMn | 271.90(10) keV | 1.77(2) s | β− (88.5%) | 60Fe | 3+ | ||||
IT (11.5%) | 60Mn | ||||||||
61Mn | 25 | 36 | 60.94465(24) | 0.67(4) s | β− | 61Fe | (5/2)− | ||
62Mn | 25 | 37 | 61.94843(24) | 671(5) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 62Fe | (3+) | ||
β−, n (<.1%) | 61Fe | ||||||||
62mMn | 0(150)# keV | 92(13) ms | (1+) | ||||||
63Mn | 25 | 38 | 62.95024(28) | 275(4) ms | β− | 63Fe | 5/2−# | ||
64Mn | 25 | 39 | 63.95425(29) | 88.8(25) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 64Fe | (1+) | ||
β−, n (<.1%) | 63Fe | ||||||||
64mMn | 135(3) keV | >100 µs | |||||||
65Mn | 25 | 40 | 64.95634(58) | 92(1) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 65Fe | 5/2−# | ||
β−, n (<.1%) | 64Fe | ||||||||
66Mn | 25 | 41 | 65.96108(43)# | 64.4(18) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 66Fe | |||
β−, n (<.1%) | 65Fe | ||||||||
67Mn | 25 | 42 | 66.96414(54)# | 45(3) ms | β− | 67Fe | 5/2−# | ||
68Mn | 25 | 43 | 67.96930(64)# | 28(4) ms | |||||
69Mn | 25 | 44 | 68.97284(86)# | 14(4) ms | 5/2−# |
- ↑ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ↑ Bold for stable isotopes
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
- Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUNAMCO)
- Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
References
- ↑ J. Schaefer; et al. (2006). "Terrestrial manganese-53 — A new monitor of Earth surface processes". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 251 (3–4): 334–345. Bibcode:2006E&PSL.251..334S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016.
- ↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (registration required (help)).
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in:
|access-date=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Isotopes of chromium | Isotopes of manganese | Isotopes of iron |
Table of nuclides |
Isotopes of the chemical elements | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 H |
2 He | ||||||||||||||||
3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | ||||||||||
11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | ||||||||||
19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr |
37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe |
55 Cs |
56 Ba |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn | |
87 Fr |
88 Ra |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og | |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
71 Lu | |||
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
103 Lr | |||
|