Manuel II of Portugal

Dom Manuel II^[2] (15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932) "the Patriot" (Portuguese: "o Patriota") or "the Unfortunate" (Portuguese: "o Desventurado") was the last King of Portugal, ascending the throne after the assassination of his father, King Carlos I, and his elder brother, Luís Filipe, the Prince Royal. Before ascending the throne he was Duke of Beja. His reign ended with the dissolution of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution, and Manuel lived the rest of his life in exile.

Early life

Infante D. Manuel, Duke of Beja,
c. 1901, around age 12.

Manuel Maria Filipe Carlos Amélio Luís Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Francisco de Assis Eugénio de Orleães Sabóia e Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha Bragança was born in the first year of the reign of his father, King Carlos I; he was the third child,^[3] and last son, born to Carlos I of Portugal and Amélie of Orleans in the Palace of Belém, Lisbon, less than a month after his father ascended the Portuguese throne. A member of the House of Braganza,^[1] he was baptized^[4] a few days later, with his maternal grandfather as godfather. The former Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, who had been deposed from the Brazilian throne on the day of Manuel's birth, attended the ceremony. Both Pedro and Manuel were descendants of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil.

He received the traditional education of a member of the royal family, without the political preoccupations that befell his older brother, who was destined to become King. Although Manuel was raised as member of the upper class, he took a more populist tone after ascending to the throne, and abandoned many of the court protocols.^[5] He studied history and languages, and by the age of six spoke and wrote French. He demonstrated a love of literature and reading, unlike his older brother, who was more interested in physical activities. Manuel's upbringing included horse riding, fencing, rowing, tennis and gardening. He was a great lover of music, especially Beethoven and Wagner, and played the piano.

As a child, Manuel played with the children of Count of Figueiró, the children of Count of Galveias and with the rest of the families of the Court. In 1902, he was taught by Franz Kerausch (Latin and German), later by Father João Damasceno Fiadeiro (Portuguese history); Marquês Leitão (Mathematics); M. Boeyé (French and French literature); Alfredo King (English and English literature), Father Domingos Fructuoso (Religion and Morals) and Alexandre Rey Colaço (piano).

In 1903 he traveled with his mother and his brother to Egypt, on board the royal yacht Amélia, to expand his understanding of ancient civilizations. In 1907, he prepared to enter the Portuguese Naval Academy, to follow a naval career.

Lisbon regicide

Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal and Infante Manuel, Duke of Beja, 1907.

His future in the Navy was abruptly shelved on 1 February 1908. On that day, the royal family returned from the palace of Vila Viçosa to Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the carriage carrying King Carlos and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço where shots were fired by at least two men: Alfredo Costa and Manuel Buiça. It is unclear whether the assassins were attempting to kill the King, the Prince Royal or the prime minister, João Franco. The murderers were shot on the spot by the royal bodyguard and were later recognized as members of the Portuguese Republican Party. The King was killed; Prince Luís Filipe was mortally wounded; Manuel was hit in the arm; Queen Amélie of Orleans was unharmed. It was Amélie's quick thinking that saved her youngest son. About twenty minutes later, Prince Luis Filipe died, and Manuel became King of Portugal. The young King, who had not been groomed to rule, sought to save the fragile position of the Braganza dynasty by dismissing João Franco and his entire cabinet in 1908. The ambitions of various political parties made Manuel's short reign a turbulent one. But, even so, in free elections held on 28 August 1910, the republicans won only 14 seats in the legislature.

King of Portugal and the Algarves

His first act was to meet with his Council of State and request the resignation of João Franco, whose policies may have been responsible for the tragedy. He appointed a government of national unity, presided over by Admiral Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral. This quieted the republicans, but in retrospect was seen as weakness.

He opened the Royal Court Assembly on 6 May 1908 in the presence of national representatives, and affirmed his support of the constitution. The King received general public sympathy, due to the deaths of his father and older brother. He was protected by his mother, Amélia, and sought out the support of the experienced politician José Luciano de Castro. Judging that the intervention of King Carlos was a reason for the events of 1908, he declared that he would reign, but not govern.^[6]

For his part, the new King tried to increase the monarchy's connection with its subjects. The King visited several areas of the country. His trips included stops in Oporto, Braga, Viana do Castelo, Oliveira de Azeméis, Santo Tirso, Vila Nova de Gaia, Aveiro, Guimarães, Coimbra and Barcelos. During these visits, his subjects were captivated by the young king, and was received warmly. On 23 November he travelled to Espinho in open the Vale do Vouga Railway. On his journeys, he ingratiated himself with the people with his candour and pious character.

Manuel II with the Civil Governor of Porto on the King's national trip in 1908.

However, he was not popular with republicans. One of them, João Chagas, the anti-monarchist journalist and propagandist of the Republican Party, warned the King of the problems that would develop when he declared:

"...your Highness arrives too young into a very old world...!"

Questão Social

During the 19th century, many intellectuals and politicians were preoccupied with the growth of the urban proletariat as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution. In Portugal, owing to lower levels of industrialisation, this was not an important question, but it was exacerbated by an economic crisis and the Republican Party, who believed a republic would resolve the problems. This was the Questão Social (social question) of the times.

The Socialist Party had existed since 1875, but it never had representation in Parliament. This was not only because it was not popular, but also because the Republican Party was the principal channel of radical discontent within the political system. The King made some moves that did not infringe his constitutional restrictions, but which created incentives for the Socialist Party to lessen their support for the Republican Party. In 1909, Manuel invited the French sociologist, Léon Poinsard, to examine the social environment and report back to him. Poinsard wrote that the only way to combat clientelism, created by the system of rotational governments, would be a reorganisation of the local administrations. Enthusiastically, the King wrote to the President of the Council of Ministers Wenceslau de Sousa Pereira de Lima, to make him aware of the reorganisation of the Socialist Party (under Alfredo Aquiles Monteverde) and to remind him of the importance of working with the Socialists, "...so that, we will empty their supporters from the Republican Party, and orient them into a useful and productive force."

King Manuel II in the royal procession to the official opening of the Portuguese Cortes in Lisbon; 1908.

Notwithstanding the contacts made by the government of Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques with the Socialist Azedo Gneco, Venceslau de Lima considered this difficult after the Congresso Nacional Operário, which was boycotted by anarchists and republicans. For their part, the Socialists were enthusiastic about Royal support between Manuel and Aquiles Monteverde. Monteverde would later inform the King of the failure of the October 1909 trade union congress, but little was formalised between the socialists and the government, although they supported the work of Poinsard. During the government of António Teixeira de Sousa, in July 1910, that the government created a commission to study the establishment of an Instituto de Trabalho Nacional ("Institute of National Work"), that had three socialists and included Azedo Gneco. However, Aquiles Monteverde would complain that the commission lacked the resources to be effective: specifically that permanent members and unlimited transport, in order for the Socialists to promote their propaganda. Manuel II informed the government, through the Minister of Public Works, that he agreed with the establishment of the Instituto de Trabalho Nacional, but by September, it was too late for the constitutional monarchy.

During his reign he visited many parts of northern Portugal, in addition to Spain, France, and the United Kingdom, where he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Garter, in November 1909. He cultivated a foreign policy that was close to Great Britain, which was not only the geo-political strategy that his father maintained, but it also reinforced his position on the throne by having a strong ally. The court also considered the marriage of a King of the House of Braganza to a British princess would secure the protection of the United Kingdom in any impending conflict. But, the country's instability, the assassination of the King and Prince Royal, and the drawn-out negotiations that were ended with the death of Edward VII, ended these pretensions. The old British monarch, a personal friend of Carlos, would have been the great protector of the House of Braganza, and without him, the liberal government of Britain had no interest in maintaining the Portuguese monarchy.

Revolution

Manuel II and the Portuguese Royal Family survived the revolution by fleeing on the royal yacht from Ericeira.

The stability of the government deteriorated; seven governments were established and fell in a period of 24 months. The monarchist parties continued to fragment, while the Republican Party continued to gain ground. The legislative elections on 28 August 1910 had elected 14 new representatives (resulting in an assembly that was divided: 9% Republican, 58% Government and 33% Opposition) which helped the revolutionary cause, but which made little importance since the Setubal Congress (on 24–25 April 1909) had determined that the Republicans would take power by force.^[7] The murder of a prominent republican precipitated the coup d'etat that had been so long in coming.^[8]

Between 4 and 5 October 1910, the Republican Revolution erupted in the streets of Lisbon. What started as a military coup commenced by soldiers, was joined by some civilians and municipal guards attacking the loyal garrisons and the royal palace, while the guns from a warship added to the cannonade. The Palace of Necessidades (then official residence of the young King) was bombarded, forcing Manuel to move to the Mafra National Palace, where he rendezvoused with his mother, Queen Amélia, and his grandmother, the Queen Mother Maria Pia of Savoy. There was little apparent popular reaction to these events: pictures from the square in front of the City Hall in Lisbon, where the declaration of the Republic occurred, did not show an overwhelming multitude, and even some in the military were fearful that their actions would not be successful. One republican commander, Admiral Cândido dos Reis, even committed suicide when he believed that the events had not succeeded.

One day later, once it was clear that the Republicans had taken the country, Manuel decided to embark from Ericeira on the royal yacht Amélia IV for Oporto, with armed Republicans arriving as the ship departed. It is unclear whether his advisers motivated Manuel to change his intentions^[9] or whether he was forced to change his destination en route,^[10] but the Royal Family disembarked in Gibraltar shortly later, after they received notice that Oporto had fallen to the Republicans. The coup d'etat was complete, and the Royal Family departed for exile,^[11] arriving in the United Kingdom, where he was received by the King.

Personal life

Manuel II and Augusta Victoria's wedding at Sigmaringen Castle.

During a visit to Paris in July 1909, the King met Gaby Deslys, an actress and dancer, and immediately began a relationship^[12] that would last until the end of Manuel II's reign. It was thought that after this first meeting the King sent Deslys a pearl necklace worth $70,000: more gifts soon followed, including a diamond necklace with black and white pearl drops set in a platinum band. Their relationship was anything but discreet (she would arrive before night at the Palácio das Necessidades and would pass through Portugal unnoticed); abroad, meanwhile, they were on the front pages of newspapers in Europe and North America, especially after he was deposed. In public interviews, usually on trips, Gaby Deslys never negated the obvious, but always refused to comment on her relationship with the King. After his exile, they would continue to meet, especially while she had stage engagements in London. When Gaby moved to New York, in the summer of 1911, their relationship broke off.

In the spring of 1912, Manuel visited Switzerland, where he met Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern, Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1890–1966) and was deeply impressed by her. In the following year, on 4 September 1913, Manuel married Princess Augusta Victoria, his cousin (she was the granddaughter of the Infanta Antónia of Braganza) and daughter of Prince William, Prince of Hohenzollern. During the mass, which was celebrated in the Chapel of Sigmaringen Castle, Manuel, wearing his Order of the Garter medallion and the sash of the Three Portuguese Orders, stood on a crate containing soil brought from Portugal. The ceremony was conducted by Cardinal José Neto, Patriarch of Lisbon, then exiled in Seville, who had baptized Manuel as a young prince; Manuel was also assisted by the Prince of Wales (Edward VIII) and King Alfonso XIII of Spain, as well as representatives of the royal houses of Europe (including Spain, Germany, Italy, France and Romania, in addition to the principalities and German kingdoms). After festivities which lasted two days, the couple went on their honeymoon to Munich, where the Princess fell ill and withdrew from the public. The marriage, a calm and serene union, lasted until the death of the former King; the couple had no children.

Exile

In exile, Manuel resided in Fulwell Park, Twickenham near London (where his mother had been born). At Fulwell Park he tried to recreate a Portuguese environment, as the attempts to restore him to his throne (1911, 1912 and 1919) failed. He was active in the local community, attended services at the Catholic Church of St. James, and became godfather to several children.^[13] In 1932 he donated a window to St James Church bearing the Braganza crest and depicting St Anthony to celebrate the 700th anniversary of the saint’s death.^[14] His influence is also recalled by a number of toponymic references in the area: Manuel Road, Lisbon Avenue and Portugal Gardens. He followed political events in Portugal, and was concerned with the anarchy of the First Republic, fearing that it could provoke a Spanish intervention and risk the country's independence.

While in exile, there was one case where the former King's direct intervention had an effect. After the overthrow of the government of Gomes da Costa, by General Óscar Fragoso Carmona, in 1926, Costa was appointed Ambassador to London. Given the rapid succession of ambassadors during this period, the British government refused to recognize the new official's credentials. As the ambassador was to negotiate the liquidation of the Portuguese debt to the United Kingdom, the Minister of Foreign Affairs asked Manuel to straighten out the situation. The former monarch was delighted by the opportunity to help his homeland and communicated with many of his British contacts (including, probably, King George V) in order to resolve the dispute. Even in exile Manuel continued to be a patriot, going as far as declaring in his 1915 testament his intention to transfer his possessions to the Portuguese State for the creation of a museum, and showing his interest in being buried in Portugal.

Manuel II in full Garter dress during a 1911 Order of the Garter procession.

World War I

Being an Anglophile and admirer of the British spirit, Manuel defended the entry of Portugal into the First World War and its active participation. He asked monarchists to desist from restoration efforts as long as the war continued. He even met with republicans, and at one time, solicited his involvement in the Portuguese army. But, contrary to his hopes, a majority of the monarchists did not follow his pleas for cooperation. Many of them backed the aspirations of Germany, and had hoped to see the victory of the Kaiser as another channel to restore the monarchy. Manuel believed that supporting Great Britain would guarantee the retention of overseas colonies, which would have been lost to German aggression even if the Germans were supported in the conflict. Of his close subordinates who offered their support to the Republic, none were accepted.

Manuel attempted to make himself available to the Allies, wherever they saw use, but was disappointed when he was assigned a post in the British Red Cross. He characteristically put all his efforts into the role, participating in conferences, fund drives, visits to hospitals and the wounded soldiers on the front, which ultimately gave him a lot of gratification. The visits to the front were difficult on the French government, but his friendship with George V was sufficient enough to alleviate their concerns. Regardless, most of his efforts were not credited; years later, in an interview with António Ferro, he lamented, "The operating room in the Portuguese Hospital in Paris, during the War, was constructed by me. Do you know what they put on the plaque? 'From a Portuguese in London'."^[15] The King was also responsible for the creation of the Orthopedic Department at Shepherd's Bush Hospital which, at his insistence continued to function until 1925, in order to continue to treat the disfiguring affects of the war. A proof of his recognition by the British was by his friend George V, who invited him to be with the King during the victory celebrations during the parade of soldiers in 1919.

Monarchy and its status

Since 1911, the Portuguese monarchists-in-exile concentrated in Galicia, Spain in order to enter Portugal and restore the monarchy but without the tacit approval of the Spanish government. The monarchists were led by the charismatic Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro, a veteran of the African colonial campaigns. The Paladin, as the Portuguese newspapers called him, believed that demonstrating a show of force would force the rural people to rise-up and support the restoration. But he was wrong; poorly prepared and badly financed, his forces encountered apathy from the rural population and the incursions ended with retreats into Galicia.

Manuel II, with his mother, Amélie, and wife, Augusta; 1913.

For his part, Manuel supported these incursions the best way he could, but his financial resources were limited. He also faced a group of monarchists who were not clear supporters of his claim to the throne: one attack was made under a blue and white flag, but without the crown, while Paiva Couceiro himself declared at one time that his movement was "neutral" and wanted a plebiscite on the form of the new regime. It was only after he traded correspondence with Couceiro that the King was able to support the Galician monarchists, who had promised to support the 1826 Constitution. The second incursion, in 1912, although better prepared did not succeed because the Spanish government was forced to cede to Republican diplomats the illegality of monarchist encampments in Galicia and disarmed the remaining combatants within its territory. Manuel was never able to restore his kingdom by force and always defended that the monarchists should organize internally in order to reach power legally (by elections). This was not accepted by militant monarchists who, in the following years, continued their badly prepared attempts to restore the monarchy (for example on 20 October 1914), creating anarchy in the streets. His preoccupation worsened at the beginning of the Great War: Manuel was fearful that the United Kingdom would ally with Spain, in light of Portugal's instability, and that Spain would want to annex Portugal, as the price for Spain's entry into the War.

Dover Pact

After the failure of the first monarchist incursion, and with Manuel appearing relatively unenthusiastic for a restoration of the monarchy (and entirely against armed counter-revolution), another group of royalists attempted to legitimize the claims of the descendants of Miguel I to the throne. In order to counter this, the King entered into direct negotiations with Duke Miguel's representatives: he attempted to establish himself as rightful King and, according to the Integralismo Lusitano group, he recognised the descendants of Miguel as secondary heirs to the throne of Portugal. In fact, there was an encounter between Manuel II and Miguel in Dover on 30 January 1912, where both exchanged protocols. The results of this meeting remain controversial: although there was an accord on challenging the republic, there remained no clear agreement on hereditary lines of succession, and Manuel still retained his claim to the throne.

Monarchy of the North

The "Monarchy of the North" was proclaimed in Porto on 18 January 1919.

Main article: Monarchy of the North

Some monarchists continued unsuccessful counter-revolutionary activities during the War, while the former King continued to condemn their actions and to exhort them to restore the monarchy at the ballot-box. This option seemed viable after the dictatorship of General Pimenta de Castro (January 1915) broke the momentum of the Democratic Party, who attempted to garner sympathies from the conservative right, by removing restrictions imposed on monarchist groups on 5 October. Between April and May 1915, 55 monarchist centres opened (33 in the north and 12 in the centre of the country), causing many republicans to close ranks and on 14 May 1915 the revolution returned to the streets, when 15,000 armed civilians and the soldiers from the Navy tried to maintain the loyalty of the Army to the government. After three days of combat 500 deaths and more than 1,000 wounded, the Democratic Party retained control and the monarchist groups were once again declared illegal. During the Sidónio Pais government, Pais cultivated support from conservative factions and incorporated a re-establishment of a regime based on universal male suffrage. His assassination allowed moderate republicans to re-establish control, but the creation of military juntas in the provinces of the north, with monarchist tendencies, created expectations of a possible monarchist restoration through a military coup d'état.

Manuel continued to plead for calm at the end of the War; while not abandoning the possibility of taking action in the future, he insisted on waiting to the end of peace negotiations in Paris: he was fearful that continued anarchy in Portugal would prejudice its negotiating position. But, for Paiva Couceiro and the other Integralists, this was the moment: they awaited the royal authorization of the King's adjunct Aires de Ornelas. Receiving a memorandum that requested this authorization, and convinced that this action would not occur immediately, Ornelas wrote on the margin, Go on. Palavras de El-Rei and signed the document. On 19 January 1919 a thousand soldiers and some artillery, under the command of Paiva Couceiro occupied Oporto, in order to restore the Constitutional Monarchy, and its King Manuel II. A provisional government was established that controlled Minho, Trás-os-Montes (with the exception of Chaves), Mirandela and Vila Real), as well as part of the district of Aveiro, but contrary to Couceiro's expectations, the rest of the country did not rise.

In Lisbon, Aires de Ornelas was caught completely by surprise, but he could not escape with other monarchists to the safety of the 2nd Regimental Lancers, in Ajuda. There the number of refugees, who suffered as the republican reprisals increased, and the commander removed his forces and those civilians, marching them to Monsanto, where the 4th, 7th and 9th Cavalry and the 30th Infantry Battery from Belém were entrenched. Aires de Ornelas wavered in his support, which risked the possibility that Integralists would transfer their loyalty to Miguel's supporters, or assume the leadership of the monarchist movement. In a small area, and circled by Republican forces, the monarchists surrendered on 24 January. With the failure of the Restoration in the centre and south of the country, luck turned on Paiva Couceiro. On 13 February a part of the Republican National Guard deserted and restored the Republic in Oporto. Those monarchists who did not escape were incarcerated and subsequently sentenced to long-term imprisonment. The King, in exile, did not hear of the failure and was informed only after reading the reports in the newspapers.

Paris Pact

The Pact of Paris in a postcard published by the Integralismo Lusitano group in 1922.

In 1922, with cooling of relations between monarchists, Integralismo Lusitano and the King, and mindful that his marriage to Augusta Victória had not produced heirs, Manuel, in a Paris meeting in April 1922, represented by his adjunct Aires de Ornelas, and Miguelist representatives Infanta Adelgundes, who was by now calling herself Duchess of Guimarães, and tutor to Duarte Nuno, agreed that owing to an heir, the rights of succession would pass to Duarte Nuno. Integralists disagreed because in their view the agreement failed to make reference to the reestablishment of a traditional monarchy, which was fundamental to their assertions. Integralismo Lusitano withheld their support, and on September 1925, Aldegundes in a letter to Manuel, repudiated the agreement owing the continue operation of the Constitutional Newspaper (the Integralist paper was closed as part of the accord) and the lack of Integralist participation.

Bibliographer

Manuel was always an avid reader and, during his exile, dedicated himself to the study of literature, penning treatises on Medieval and Renaissance literature in Portugal. Following the First World War and with more free time, apart from his contacts with monarchist organizations, he dedicated himself to these studies (a tradition that was instilled in him by his father). Initially, he was interested in writing a biography, and began research on a biography of Manuel I of Portugal, whom he believed was badly treated by other historians. He contracted the services of the bibliographer Maurice Ettinghausen in 1919, to find older books for his project, and was helped by the dissolution of many private collections after the implementation of the Republic.

By 1926, Manuel had abandoned the idea of a biography and concentrated on descriptions of older books in his library (itself, a complete library of older works). More than a simple list, the work allowed Manuel to write of the glories of Portugal, writing not just a bibliography but also an examination of the authors and the context of their writings. His interpretation was scientifically rigorous, and resulted in a final work that was marked by a nationalism and the exaltation of ancestral valor. His examples were limited and illustrated by facsimiled copies of the works, both written in English and Portuguese. The first volume of the work Livros Antigos Portuguezes 1489–1600, da Bibliotheca de Sua Magestade Fidelíssima Descriptos por S. M. El-Rey D. Manuel em Três volumes was published in 1929. Manuel delivered, by hand, a copy of his work to his friend George V at Windsor Castle. The work was received well by critics, and the King dedicated himself to the second volume, which covered the period 1540 to 1569. But the project was terminated prematurely in 1932, when Manuel died unexpectedly: the third volume was posthumously published under the supervision of his librarian, Margery Winters. His completed works gave the King a respectful reputation among Portuguese historians, and his bust was added to the entrance atrium of the National Library in Lisbon.

Death

Manuel II just hours before his death at Fulwell Park; 2 July 1932.

He died unexpectedly in his residence on 2 July 1932 suffocated by an abnormal swelling in the vocal folds of his larynx, or tracheal oedema.^[16] The Portuguese government, at that time led by António Oliveira de Salazar, authorized his burial in Lisbon, after a state funeral. His body arrived in Lisbon on 2 August 1932, on board the British cruiser HMS Concord which had made the journey from the United Kingdom and sailed into the Tagus River to deliver the coffin of the former King. The body was received at Praça do Comércio, where a crowd of people had gathered to follow the coffin to São Vicente de Fora and the roads were inundated with people interested in seeing the funeral procession. His body was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora.

By some he was given the nickname O Patriota (The Patriot), for his preoccupation with the national identity; O Desventurado (The Unfortunate), because he lost his throne to the Republic; and O Estudioso or O Bibliófilo (The Studious or The Bibliophile) for his love for Portuguese literature. Monarchists also referred to him as O Rei-Saudade (The Missed King), for the longing that was felt when the monarchy was abolished.

His death has been regarded as suspicious by some because of the fact that he had been playing tennis on 1 July and was apparently in excellent health. An incident surrounding his sudden death was mentioned in the autobiography of Harold Brust, a member of Scotland Yard Special Branch in charge of protecting public figures. In his memoirs, Brust speaks of an incident which probably occurred in 1931 in which an intruder was discovered in the grounds of Fulwell Park who, when arrested, the Police confirmed as being a prominent member of a Portuguese republican terrorist group known as the Carbonária and who was subsequently deported to Lisbon. To date the identity of the intruder has not been confirmed. Questions remain as to the reason for the man's intrusion.^[17]

Since both the Dover and Paris Pacts did not resolve the issue of succession and there are no known documents proving them, there was no direct heir to the defunct throne. Manuel also made it clear that the branches of the Portuguese royal family (including the Imperial family of Brazil, the Braganza-Orleans, and the descendants of the Duke of Loulé) ended with the last direct male heir to the House of Braganza. Still, the monarchist Integralismo Lusitano movement acclaimed Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza as King of Portugal, since Miguel I of Portugal, on the death of his grandchild, was head of the Portuguese Royal Family. Their justification, ironically, included the fact that both branches had met to determine the line of succession in Dover and Paris, even though those accords were both later repudiated.

After King Manuel's death, the dictator António de Oliveira Salazar authorized the return of the banned branch of the Braganças (ex-King Miguel's descendents) and founded, with the sale of the King's English estate and some of his remaining personal possessions, the Foundation of the House of Braganza, according to King Manuel's desire to leave his personal fortune to the Portuguese People.

Titles, Honours, and Styles

Royal styles of King Manuel II of Portugal

Reference style	His Most Faithful Majesty
Spoken style	Your Most Faithful Majesty
Alternative style	Sire

Main article: List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown

Titles and Styles

15 November 1889 - 1 February 1908: His Royal Highness The Duke of Beja
1 February 1908 - 5 October 1910: His Most Faithful Majesty The King of Portugal and the Algarves
5 October 1910 - 2 July 1932: His Most Faithful Majesty King Manuel II of Portugal

Manuel's official styling as King of Portugal:
By the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, Manuel II, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.

Honours

As King of Portugal, Manuel was Grand Master of the following Portuguese Orders:

Ancestry

Ancestors of Manuel II of Portugal

16. Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

8. Ferdinand II of Portugal

17. Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág

4. Luís I of Portugal

18. Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal

9. Maria II of Portugal

19. Maria Leopoldina of Austria

2. Carlos I of Portugal

20. Charles Albert of Sardinia

10. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

21. Maria Theresa of Austria and Tuscany

5. Maria Pia of Savoy

22. Archduke Rainer of Austria

11. Maria Adelaide of Austria

23. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy-Carignan

1. Manuel II of Portugal

24. Louis-Philippe of France (=28)

12. Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans

25. Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies (=29)

6. Philippe, comte de Paris

26. Friedrich Ludwig, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

13. Duchess Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

27. Princess Karoline Luise of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

3. Amélie of Orléans

28. Louis-Philippe of France (=24)

14. Antoine, Duke of Montpensier

29. Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies (=25)

7. Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans

30. Ferdinand VII of Spain

15. Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier

31. Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies

References

Notes

1 2 "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
↑ Also rendered as Manoel in Contemporary Portuguese
↑ The second child was Maria Ana, who died shortly after her birth.
↑ The newborn Infante was named after his paternal great-grandfather, Victor Emmanuel II; his grandmother, Maria Pia, thought it would be an homage to the unifier of Italy.
↑ In the annual Beija-mão Real ("Kiss the Royal Hand") ceremony, on January 1, he declined to have the attending dignitaries kiss his hand; (Eduardo Nobre, 2002)
↑ Both Manuel and his mother were convinced that King Carlos had compromised himself by intervening openly in politics. With this in mind, Manuel preferred to keep aside, and tried not to be compromised with the leaders of the parties.
↑ Proença, Maria Cândida, 2006, "D. Manuel II" – Colecção "Reis de Portugal", Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, p. 100
↑ Hindley, Geoffrey. The Royal Families of Europe, p. 23.
↑ Commander Castelo Branco had warned the King that it was dangerous to take such a route.
↑ Fernando Honrado, Da Ericeira a Gibraltar vai um Rei, Lisboa, Acontecimento, 1993, pp. 91–93
↑ The Marquês de Soveral had already suggested that King George V send an escort to Gibraltar to protect the Royal Family. In response, the British government suggested that the personal yacht Victoria and Albert should be sent in order not to create tensions with the republican government in Lisbon.
↑ Nobre, Eduardo, "Paixões Reais", Lisboa, Quimera Editores Lda., 2002.
↑ "King Manoel II of Portugal: Royal exile at Fulwell Park". Twickenham Museum. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
↑ Youngs, Robert (5 March 2014). "A history of Roman Catholicism in Strawberry Hill" (pdf). Strawberry Hill Residents Association.
↑ Ferro, António, “D. Manuel II, o Desventurado”, Lisboa, Livraria Bertrand, 1954, pp. 108–9.
↑ Great Dynasties, 1980, p. 221
↑ Luís Guerreiro, 2007–2010, Centenário do Regicídio

Sources

Great Dynasties. New York: Mayflower Books Inc. 1980. ISBN 0-8317-3966-5.
Hindley, Geoffrey (1979). The Royal Families of Europe. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-093530-0.
Ferro, António (1954). D. Manuel II, O Desventurado (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Livraria Bertrand.
Nobre, Eduardo (2002). Paixões Reais (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Quimera Editores Lda.
Honrado, Fernando (1993). Da Ericeira a Gibraltar vai um Rei (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Acontecimento. pp. 91–93.
Proença, Maria Cândida (2006). D. Manuel II. Reis de Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores. p. 100.
Guerreiro, Luís (2007). "Memorial do Regicido" (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Aliança Internacional Monárquica Portuguesa. Archived from Centenário do Regicídio the original Check |url= value (help) on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manuel II of Portugal.

Regnal titles
Manuel II of Portugal House of Braganza Cadet branch of the House of Aviz and House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Born: 19 March 1889 Died: 2 July 1932
Preceded by Carlos I	King of Portugal and the Algarves 1 February 1908 – 5 October 1910	Monarchy abolished
Political offices
Preceded by Carlos I as King of Portugal and the Algarves	Portuguese head of state as King of Portugal and the Algarves 1 February 1908 – 4 October 1910	Succeeded by Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga as President of the Provisional Government of the Portuguese Republic
Portuguese royalty
Preceded by João Maria	Duke of Beja 19 October 1889 - 1 February 1908	Vacant
Titles in pretence
Loss of title Monarchy abolished	— TITULAR — King of Portugal and the Algarves 5 October 1910 – 2 July 1932	Succeeded by Duarte Nuno

Monarchs of Portugal

House of Burgundy (1139–1383)	Afonso I Sancho I Afonso II Sancho II Afonso III Dinis I Afonso IV Pedro I Fernando I Beatriz I

House of Aviz (1385–1580)	João I Duarte I Afonso V João II Manuel I João III Sebastião I Henrique I António I

House of Habsburg (1581–1640)	Filipe I Filipe II Filipe III

House of Braganza (1640–1910)	João IV Afonso VI Pedro II João V José I Maria I with Pedro III João VI Pedro IV Maria II Miguel I Maria II with Fernando II Pedro V Luís I Carlos I Manuel II

Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

Pretenders to the Portuguese throne

Burgundian line	Beatrice of Portugal (1383–1420) John I of Castile (1383–1390) Infante John, Duke of Valencia de Campos (1383–1397) Infante Dinis, Lord of Cifuentes (1383–1397)

Aviz line	Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (1595–1638) Manuel António of Portugal (1638–1666)

Deposed monarchs	King António I (1580–1595) King Miguel I (1834–1866) King Manuel II (1910–1932)

Miguelist line	Miguel Januário of Braganza (1866–1920) Duarte Nuno of Braganza (1920–1976) Duarte Pio of Braganza (1976–present)

Other line	Maria Pia of Braganza (1932–1987) Rosario Poidimani (1987–present)

Infantes of Portugal

The generations indicate descent from Afonso I, and continues through the House of Aviz, the House of Habsburg through Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain, and the House of Braganza through Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza.

1st generation	Infante Henrique Sancho I Infante João

2nd generation	Afonso II Infante Raimundo Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders Infante Henrique

3rd generation	Sancho II Afonso III Infante Fernando, Lord of Serpa

4th generation	Infante Fernando Dinis I Infante Afonso, Lord of Portalegre Infante Vicente

5th generation	Afonso IV Infante Afonso, Lord of Leiria

6th generation	Infante Afonso Infante Dinis Pedro I Infante João

7th generation	Infante Luís Fernando I Infante Afonso Infante João, Duke of Valencia de Campos Infante Dinis, Lord of Cifuentes

8th generation	Infante Pedro Infante Afonso (1382) Infante Afonso (1390–1400) Duarte I Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu Infante João, Constable of Portugal Infante Fernando

9th generation	Infante João Afonso V Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu Infante Duarte Infante Pedro, Constable of Portugal Infante João, Prince of Antioch Cardinal-Infante Jaime of Coimbra Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal

10th generation	João, Prince of Portugal João II Infante João, Duke of Viseu Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu Infante Duarte of Viseu Infante Dinis of Viseu Infante Simão of Viseu Infante Afonso of Viseu Manuel I

11th generation	Afonso, Prince of Portugal Infante João Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias* João III Infante Luís, Duke of Beja Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda Cardinal-Infante Afonso Henrique I (The Cardinal-King) Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães Infante António Infante Carlos

12th generation	Afonso, Prince of Portugal Manuel, Prince of Portugal Filipe, Prince of Portugal Infante Dinis João Manuel, Prince of Portugal Infante António Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães

13th generation	Sebastião I Carlos, Prince of Asturias§# Diogo, Prince of Portugal and Asturias§# Filipe II§# Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugalƒ

14th generation	Filipe III§# Infante Carlos§# Cardinal-Infante Fernando§# Infante Alfonso Mauricio§#

15th generation	Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Portugal and Asturias§# Infante Francisco Fernando§# Teodósio, Prince of Brazil Afonso VI Pedro II

16th generation	João, Prince of Brazil João V Infante Francisco, Duke of Beja Infante António Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém

17th generation	Pedro, Prince of Brazil José I Infante Carlos Pedro III Infante Alexandre

18th generation	None

19th generation	José, Prince of Brazil Infante João (1762) Infante João Francisco João VI

20th generation	Francisco António, Prince of Beira Pedro I of Brazil & IV of Portugal Miguel I Infante Pedro Carlos§

21st generation	Miguel, Prince of Beira João Carlos, Prince of Beira Infante Miguel, Duke of Braganza Infante Sebastião§

22nd generation	Pedro V¶ Luís I¶ Infante João, Duke of Beja¶ Infante Fernando¶ Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra¶ Infante Leopoldo¶ Infante Eugénio¶ Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu Infante Francisco José Infante Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza

23rd generation	Carlos I¶ Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto¶ Infante Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza Infante Miguel, Duke of Viseu Infante Henrique, Duke of Coimbra

24th generation	Luís Filipe, Prince Royal¶ Manuel II¶ Infante Afonso, Prince of Beira Infante Dinis, Duke of Porto

* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples, § also an infante of Spain, # also an archduke of Austria, ‡ also an imperial prince of Brazil, ¶ also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony ƒ claimant infante

House of Braganza

Members of the Most Serene House

Generations indicate descent from Afonso, Duke of Braganza, founder of the House of Braganza, until João II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal; italics indicate a head of the House

1st generation	Afonso, 1st Marquis of Valença Isabel, Lady of Reguengos de Monsaraz Fernando I

2nd generation	Fernando II João, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo Afonso, Count of Faro do Alentejo Álvaro, 4th Lord of Cadaval António Isabel Beatriz, Marquise of Vila Real Guiomar, Countess of Viana do Alentejo Catarina

3rd generation	Roderigo, 1st Marquis of Ferreira Jorge Alberto, 1st Count of Gelves Beatriz, Duchess of Coimbra Joana, Countess of Vimioso Maria, Countess of Portalegre Filipe Jaime I Dinis, Count of Lemos Margarida

4th generation	Fernando, 7th Count of Lemos Afonso Isabel Maria Isabel, Duchess of Guimarães Teodósio I Joana, Marquise of Elche Jaime Eugénia, Marquise of Ferreira Maria Constantino, Viceroy of India Fulgêncio Teotónio, Archbishop of Évora

5th generation	João I Jaime Isabel, Duchess of Caminha

6th generation	Maria Serefina Teodósio II Duarte, 1st Marquise of Frechilla Alexandre, Archbishop of Évora Querubina Angélica Maria Isabel Filipe

7th generation	João II Duarte, 1st Lord of Vila do Conde Catarina Alexandre

Members of the Royal House

Generations indicate descent from João IV, King of Portugal, formerly João II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal, until Manuel II, King of Portugal, the last monarch of Portugal, excluding the Miguelist line; italics indicate a head of the House

1st generation	Teodósio, Prince of Brazil Ana Joana, Princess of Beira Catarina, Queen Consort of the England Manuel Afonso VI Peter II Maria

2nd generation	Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira João, Prince of Brazil João V Francisco, Duke of Beja António Francisca Xaviera Teresa Maria Manuel, Count of Ourém Francisca Josefa Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval Miguel José, Archbishop of Braga

3rd generation	António Gaspar, Archbishop of Braga José, High Inquisitor of Portugal Maria Rita of Braganza Barbara, Queen Consort of Spain Pedro, Prince of Brazil José I Carlos Pedro III Alexandre Joana Francisca, Marquise of Cascais Pedro Henrique, 1st Duke of Lafões João Carlos, 2nd Duke of Lafões Francisca

4th generation	Maria I Mariana Francisca Maria Doroteia Maria Benedita, Princess of Brazil José João, Duke of Miranda do Corvo Carlota Ana Maria, 3rd Duchess of Lafões Maria Domingas, Duchess of Cadaval

5th generation	José, Prince of Brazil João Carlos João Francisco João VI Maria Ana Vitória Maria Clementina Maria Isabel

6th generation	Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira Francisco António, Prince of Beira Maria Isabel, Queen Consort of Spain Pedro IV Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina Isabel Maria, Regent of Portugal Miguel I Maria da Assunção Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé

7th generation	Maria II Miguel, Prince of Beira João Carlos, Prince of Beira Januária Maria, Princess Imperial of Brazil

8th generation	Pedro V Luís I Maria João, Duke of Beja Maria Anna, Princess of Saxony Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern Fernando Augusto, Duke of Coimbra Leopoldo Maria da Glória Eugénio

9th generation	Carlos I Afonso, Duke of Porto

10th generation	Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal Maria Ana Manuel II

Members of the Imperial house

Generations indicate descent from Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, also Pedro IV, King of Portugal, founder of the Empire of Brazil, until Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, the last monarch of Brazill; italics indicates a head of the House

1st generation	Maria II, Queen of Portugal Januária, Countess of Aquila Paula Francisca, Princess of Joinville Pedro II Maria Amélia

2nd generation	Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil Leopoldina Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil

Members of the Miguelist House

Generations indicate descent from Miguel I, King of Portugal, founder of the Miguelist House, until Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, the current head of the House of Braganza; italics indicates a head of the House

1st generation	Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaime Miguel, Duke of Braganza Maria Teresa, Archduchess of Austria Maria José, Duchess in Bavaria Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma

2nd generation	Miguel, Duke of Viseu Francisco José Maria Teresa, Princess of Thurn and Taxis Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis Maria Benedita Mafalda Maria Ana, Princess of Thurn and Taxis Maria Antónia Filipa Maria Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza Maria Adelaide

3rd generation	Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza Miguel, Duke of Viseu Henrique, Duke of Coimbra

4th generation	Afonso, Prince of Beira Maria Francisca Dinis, Duke of Porto

Titles

see List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown

Regnal	King of Portugal and the Algarves Emperor of Brazil King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves

Royal	Prince of Portugal Prince of Brazil Prince Royal of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves Prince Royal of Portugal and the Algarves Prince of Beira Prince Imperial of Brazil Prince of Grão-Pará Prince of Brazil Infante of Portugal

Noble	Duke of Braganza Duke of Guimarães Duke of Barcelos Duke of Porto Duke of Beja Duke of Viseu Duke of Coimbra Marquis of Vila Viçosa Marquis of Valença Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo Count of Guimarães Count of Barcelos Count of Arraiolos Count of Ourém Count of Neiva Count of Faro Count of Faria

Patrimony

Portugal	Ajuda Palace Belém Palace Buçaco Palace Castle of Vila Viçosa Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa Mafra Palace Necessidades Palace Palace of the Counts of Barcelos Palace of the Dukes of Braganza Pena Palace Queluz Palace Ramalhão Palace Ribeira Palace

Brazil	Grão-Pará Palace Petrópolis Palace Quinta da Boa Vista Rio de Janeiro Palace São Cristóvão Palace Santa Cruz Estate

Cadet houses

Agnatic	House of Valença House of Lafões House of Cadaval

Non-agnatic	House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha House of Bourbon-Braganza House of Orléans-Braganza

Miscellaneous

Topics	Duchy of Braganza Dukedom of Braganza List of Dukes of Braganza Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza

House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

1st generation	Pedro V Luís I Infanta Maria Infante João, Duke of Beja Infanta Maria Ana, Princess George of Saxony Infanta Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern Infante Fernando Infante Augusto Infante Leopoldo Infanta Maria da Glória Infante Eugénio

2nd generation	Carlos I Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto

3rd generation	Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal Infanta Maria Ana Manuel II Maria Pia (claimant)

The House of Saxe-Coburg and Braganza was not a recognized house in the former Kingdom of Portugal and monarchs following Maria II and Ferdinand II officially continued to be members of the House of Braganza

Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Generations are numbered by descent from Duke Francis.

1st generation	Ernest I^ Prince Ferdinand^ King Leopold I^

2nd generation	Duke Ernest I: Ernest II^ Albert, Prince Consort^* Koháry: King Fernando II^¶ Prince August^ Prince Leopold^ Belgium: Crown Prince Louis Philippe# King Leopold II# Prince Philippe#

3rd generation	Duke Ernest I: King Edward VII* Alfred I* Prince Arthur* Prince Leopold* Braganza: King Pedro V¶ King Luís I¶ Infante João¶ Infante Fernando¶ Infante Augusto¶ Koháry: Prince Philipp Prince Ludwig August Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria† Belgium: Prince Leopold# Prince Baudouin# King Albert I#

4th generation	Duke Ernest I: Prince Albert Victor* King George V* Prince Alexander John* Hereditary Prince Alfred* Prince Arthur* Charles Edward I* Braganza: King Carlos I¶ Infante Afonso¶ Koháry: Prince Leopold Clement Prince Pedro Augusto Prince August Leopold Prince Joseph Ferdinand Prince Ludwig Gaston Bulgaria: Tsar Boris III† Prince Kiril† Belgium: King Leopold III# Prince Charles#

5th generation	Duke Ernest I: King Edward VIII* King George VI* Prince Henry* Prince George* Prince John* Prince Alastair* Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold* Prince Hubertus* Prince Friedrich Josias Braganza: Prince Luís Filipe¶ King Manuel II¶ Koháry: Prince August Clemens Prince Rainer Prince Philipp Prince Ernst Prince Antonius Bulgaria: Tsar Simeon II† Belgium: King Baudouin I# King Albert II# Alexander#

6th generation	Duke Ernest I: Prince Andreas Prince Adrian Koháry: Prince Johannes Heinrich Bulgaria: Prince Kardam† Prince Kyril† Prince Kubrat† Prince Konstantin-Assen† Belgium: King Philippe I# Prince Laurent#

7th generation	Duke Ernest I: Hereditary Prince Hubertus Prince Alexander Koháry: Prince Johannes Bulgaria: Prince Boris† Prince Beltrán† Prince Tassilo† Prince Mirko† Prince Lukás† Prince Tirso† Prince Umberto† Belgium: Prince Gabriel# Prince Emmanuel# Prince Nicolas# Prince Aymeric#

8th generation	Duke Ernest I: Prince Philipp

^Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld until 1826 *also a prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland #also a prince of Belgium ¶also a member of the Portuguese royal family †also a member of the Bulgarian royal family

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 816370 LCCN: n85092863 ISNI: 0000 0000 8060 8294 GND: 11919080X SUDOC: 027360229 BNF: cb119419054 (data) MusicBrainz: 6b0a97d5-d5db-4877-8f51-afa21c8cebc3

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