Marianne Williams

Marianne Williams née Coldham
Born (1793-12-12)12 December 1793
Norwich, England
Died 16 December 1879(1879-12-16)
Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand
Nationality British
Other names Mata Wiremu (Mother Williams)
Occupation Missionary and pioneering educator
Spouse(s) Henry Williams

Marianne Williams, together with her sister-in-law Jane Williams, was a pioneering educator in New Zealand. They established schools for Māori children and adults as well as educating the children of the Church Missionary Society in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand.[1] The Māori women called her Mata Wiremu (Mother Williams).[2]

Early life

Marianne Williams, née Marianne Coldham, was born in Norwich, England, 12 December 1793. Marianne was the oldest child of Wright and Anne Coldham. Wright Coldham and Thomas Williams (Marianne’s father-in-law) were hosiers in Nottingham, and both were Sheriffs.[3] The family had moved to Nottingham from Norwich. Her father, Wright Coldham, was an active member of the Presbyterian High Pavement Chapel in Nottingham.[4] Wright Coldham received recognition as a Burgess of Nottingham in 1796;[3] as a Sheriff of Nottingham in 1798;[3] and as the Mayor of Nottingham in 1809.[3] In 1810 Anne Coldham died and at the age 16 Marianne took over raising her three sisters, Sarah, Maria and Anne, her blind grandmother Mrs Temple, the running of the mayoral household and acting as Lady Mayoress at civic events. In 1815 Wright Coldham died.[5]

Marianne and Henry Williams were married on 20 January 1818 by Henry’s cousin and brother-in law, the Rev. Edward Marsh, a member of the Church Missionary Society.[5]

Marianne and Henry shared a Christian faith and they joined the Church Missionary Society (CMS), with the decision eventually being made that Henry would become an ordained minister and CMS missionary in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. In a letter to the Committee of the CMS of 6 August 1822, Henry said of Marianne: "she does not accompany me merely as my wife, but as a fellow-helper in the work".[6][7]

The early years in the Bay of Islands

Watercolour painting by Henry Williams of the CMS mission house at Paihia

On 11 September 1822 Henry and Marianne and three children embarked on the Lord Sidmouth, a ship carrying women convicts to Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australian.[8]

After a short stay with Rev. Samuel Marsden, he accompanied them on ship the Brampton from Sydney to the Bay of Islands, New Zealand where they arrived at Kerikeri on 7 August 1823.[9]

The CMS had an established mission at Kerikeri where they stayed while Henry and other CMS members and built a store of plank and timber and a raupo hut on Paihia beach. On 15 September 1823 the family moved into the raupo hut, which Marianne described as having the appearance of a beehive. In 1830 a more substantial house was built using lath and plaster.[10]

Chickens, ducks, goats and a horse were brought from Sydney. A garden was soon cultivated. Food was either cultivated or imported on the infrequent ships from Sydney. Pork and Kumera could be traded from the Māori, however in the early days muskets were the item of barter which Māori wanted to trade, but Henry Williams refused to trade muskets. The supply of pork and other food was withheld in an attempt to pressure Henry to trade muskets for food.[11][12]

The protection of the mission by the chiefs of the Ngāpuhi

The members of the mission were under the protection of Hongi Hika, the rangatira (chief) and war leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe). The immediate protector of the Paihia mission was the chief Te Koki and his wife Hamu, a woman of high rank and the owner of the land occupied by the mission at Paihia.[13][14]

In 1827 Hongi Hika lead the Ngāpuhi against the tribes at Whangaroa which caused anxiety amongst the missionaries as they feared they would be caught up in the fighting.[15] The fears of the missionaries were increased when some of the warriors of Hongi Hika, acting contrary to his orders, plundered and burnt the Wesleyan mission at Whangaroa.[16] During a skirmish Hongi Hika was shot in the chest by one of his warriors, which resulted in the missionaries fearing that they would suffer in the event that a muru occurred following his death (an attack launched out of respect for a deceased chief).[17] On 6 March 1828 Hongi Hika spent his last moments "exhorting his followers to be valiant, and repel any force, however great, which might come against them - telling them this was all the utu, or satisfaction, that he desired".[18]

The death of Tiki, a son of Whetoi (Pomare I)[19] and the subsequent death of Te Whareumu in 1828 threw the Hokianga into a state of uncertainty as the other Ngāpuhi chiefs debated what revenge was required. Henry was asked to mediate between the combatants.[20] As the Ngāpuhi chiefs did not want to escalate the fighting, a peaceful resolution was achieved.[21]

In 1830 there was a battle, at Kororareka (Russell), that is called the Girls' War,[22][23] which also caused the missionaries to fear they would be caught up in the fighting.[24]

While there were misunderstandings and arguments between the missionaries and the Ngāpuhi, the CMS mission was never threatened.

The Paihia mission

The missionary work of Henry Williams and his attempts to act as peacemaker in intertribal conflicts meant that he spent months at a time travelling through the North Island of New Zealand. Marianne shared mission responsibilities with her sister-in-law, Jane Williams, together they cared for and educated their families. Together with Jane Williams, Marianne set up a boarding school for Māori girls;[25] and provided classes to the children of CMS missionaries in the morning with schools for Māori children and adults in the afternoon.[26] Schools were established in the communities inland from the Bay of Islands. Marianne trained and supervised the teachers, who were her daughters, nieces or future daughters-in-law.[7]

The domestic responsibilities of Marianne extended beyond her large family and included Māori and Pakeha visitors to the mission as well as providing assistance to other CMS members in Paihia, Kerikeri and Waimate North.[27][28] Marianne and Henry had eleven children:[29]

Gravestones of Henry and Marianne Williams, Holy Trinity Church, Pakaraka
Gravestones of Henry and Marianne Williams, Holy Trinity Church, Pakaraka

Life at Pakaraka

Henry and Marianne moved to Pakaraka when Henry refused to back down in an argument with Governor George Grey over the amount of land Henry had acquired so as to provide for his children. In this argument Bishop Selwyn took the side of Grey, and in 1849 the CMS decided to dismiss Henry from service. However, in 1854 Henry was reinstated to the CMS.[34]

Henry and Marianne lived in the house known as The Retreat, that still stands at Pakaraka.[35]

Marianne Williams died at Pakaraka, New Zealand, 16 December 1879 and was buried in the grounds of the Holy Trinity Church at Pakaraka alongside the grave of Henry Williams.

Literature and sources

References

  1. ↑ Caroline Fitzgerald (2004). Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands. Penguin Books, New Zealand. ISBN 0-14-301929-5.
  2. ↑ Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973). Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams. Pegasus Press. p. 128.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Harvey-Williams, Nevil (March 2011). "The Williams Family in the 18th and 19th Centuries - Part 2". Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  4. ↑ Harvey-Williams, Nevil (March 2011). "The Williams Family in the 18th and 19th Centuries - Part 3". Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  5. 1 2 Letters from the Bay of Islands p. 3 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
  6. ↑ Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. I". The Life of Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library.
  7. 1 2 Sarah Marianne Williams. 'Williams, Marianne - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB)
  8. ↑ Robert Espie (Surgeon). "Surgeon's Journal of Her Majesty's Female Convict Ship Lord Sidmouth (22 August 1822-1 March 1823)" (PDF). (Adm. 101/44/10. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  9. ↑ Letters from the Bay of Islands (7 August 1823) p. 54 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
  10. ↑ Letters from the Bay of Islands (3 September 1830) p. 192, (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
  11. ↑ Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Pegasus Press pp. 60 & 75-76
  12. ↑ Letters from the Bay of Islands (11 February 1824) p. 82 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
  13. ↑ Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Pegasus Press, p. 55
  14. ↑ Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011). Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North. Huia Publishers, New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-86969-439-5.
  15. ↑ Letters from the Bay of Islands (14 Dec 1826) p. 121, (11-19 Jan 1827) p. 123-131 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
  16. ↑ Journal of William Williams, (1 March 1827) p.89 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2011)
  17. ↑ Journal of William Williams, (1 March 1827) p. 89 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2011)
  18. ↑ Journal of James Stack, Wesleyan missionary (and later CMS missionary), (12 March 1828) p. 99 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2011)
  19. ↑ Ballara, Angela (30 October 2012). "Pomare I". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  20. ↑ Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004). "Journal of Marianne Williams, (17 March 1828)". Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands. Penguin Books, New Zealand. p. 101. ISBN 0-14-301929-5.
  21. ↑ Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011). "Journals of Henry Williams, Marianne Williams & William Williams, (16–28 March 1828)". Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North. Huia Publishers, New Zealand. pp. 101–107. ISBN 978-1-86969-439-5.
  22. ↑ online at NZETC
  23. ↑ Smith, S. Percy – Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century. Christchurch 1910
  24. ↑ Letters from the Bay of Islands (12–17 March 1829) p. 139-41 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
  25. ↑ Letters from the Bay of Islands (16 October 1826) p. 112 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
  26. ↑ Letters from the Bay of Islands (6 Nov 1826) pp. 116 & 133 (Caroline Fitzgerald 2004)
  27. ↑ Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Pegasus Press
  28. ↑ Letters from the Bay of Islands (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
  29. ↑ Evans 1992, p. 19
  30. ↑ "Williams, Edward Marsh 1818–1909". Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). 1952. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  31. ↑ "Widow of the Missionary". New Zealand Herald, Volume LVI, Issue 17332, 2 December 1919, Page 8. National Library of NZ. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  32. ↑ Boyd, Mary (1 Sep 2010). "Williams, Samuel - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  33. ↑ Cyclopedia Company Limited (1902). "The Hon. Henry Williams". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Auckland Provincial District. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  34. ↑ Mitcalfe 1963, p. 35
  35. ↑ see: the website of the Henry and William Williams Memorial Museum Trust
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/23/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.