Mass (mass spectrometry)

This article is about different concepts of mass used in mass spectrometry. For other uses, see mass.
J. J. Thomson discovered the isotopes of neon using mass spectrometry.

The mass recorded by a mass spectrometer can refer to different physical quantities depending on the characteristics of the instrument and the manner in which the mass spectrum is displayed.

Units

The unified atomic mass unit (symbol: u) is the standard unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass). The dalton (symbol: Da) is equivalent to the unified atomic mass unit. One unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one a single proton or neutron.[1] The unified atomic mass unit has a value of 1.660538921(73)×10−27 kg.[2] The amu without the "unified" prefix is an obsolete unit based on oxygen, which was replaced in 1961.

Molecular mass

Theoretical isotope distribution for the molecular ion of caffeine

The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of 12C). Due to this relativity, the molecular mass of a substance is commonly referred to as the relative molecular mass, and abbreviated to Mr.

Mass number

The mass number, also called the nucleon number, is the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. The mass number is unique for each isotope of an element and is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, carbon-12 (12C) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

Average mass

The average mass of a molecule is obtained by summing the average atomic masses of the constituent elements. For example, the average mass of natural water with formula H2O is 1.00794 + 1.00794 + 15.9994 = 18.01528.

Nominal mass

The nominal mass of an ion or molecule is calculated using the integer mass (ignoring the mass defect) of the most abundant isotope of each element.[3] This is the equivalent of summing the mass numbers of all constituent atoms. For example, H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, etc. The nominal mass of H2O is 18, for example.

Monoisotopic mass

The monoisotopic mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms in a molecule using the unbound, ground-state, rest mass of the principal (most abundant) isotope for each element instead of the isotopic average mass.[4] For typical organic compounds, where the monoisotopic mass is most commonly used, this also results in the lightest isotope being selected. For some heavier atoms such as iron and argon the principal isotope is not the lightest isotope. The term is designed for measurements in mass spectrometry primarily with smaller molecules. It is not typically useful as a concept in physics or general chemistry. Monoisotopic mass is typically expressed in unified atomic mass units.

Most abundant mass

Theoretical isotope distribution for the molecular ion of glucagon (C153H224N42O50S)

This refers to the mass of the molecule with the most highly represented isotope distribution, based on the natural abundance of the isotopes.[5]

Accurate mass

The accurate mass (more appropriately, the measured accurate mass[6]) is an experimentally determined mass that allows the elemental composition to be determined.[7] For molecules with mass below 200 u, 5 ppm accuracy is often sufficient to uniquely determine the elemental composition.[8]

Exact mass

The exact mass of an isotopic species (more appropriately, the calculated exact mass[6]) is obtained by summing the masses of the individual isotopes of the molecule. For example, the exact mass of water containing two hydrogen-1 (1H) and one oxygen-16 (16O) is 1.0078 + 1.0078 + 15.9949 = 18.0105. The exact mass of heavy water, containing two hydrogen-2 (deuterium or 2H) and one oxygen-16 (16O) is 2.0141 + 2.0141 + 15.9949 = 20.0229.

When an exact mass value is given without specifying an isotopic species, it normally refers to the most abundant isotopic species.

Isotopomer and isotopologue

An isotopomer (isotopic isomer) is an isomer having the same number of each isotopic atom but differing in their positions.[9] For example, CH3CHDCH3 and CH3CH2CH2D are a pair of constitutional isotopomers.

An isotopomer should not be confused with isotopologues, which are chemical species that differ only in the isotopic composition of their molecules or ions. An example is water, where three of its hydrogen-related isotopologues are: HOH, HOD and DOD, where D stands for deuterium (2H).

Kendrick mass

The Kendrick mass is a mass obtained by multiplying the measured mass by a numeric factor. The Kendrick mass is used to aid in the identification of molecules of similar chemical structure from peaks in mass spectra.[10][11] The method of stating mass was suggested in 1963 by the chemist Edward Kendrick.

According to the procedure outlined by Kendrick, the mass of CH2 is defined as 14.000 Da, instead of 14.01565 Da.[12][13]

The Kendrick mass for a family of compounds F is given by[14]

.

For hydrocarbon analysis, F=CH2.

Nitrogen rule

The nitrogen rule states that organic compounds containing exclusively hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens either have an odd nominal mass that indicates an odd number of nitrogen atoms are present or an even nominal mass that indicates an even number of nitrogen atoms are present in the molecular ion.[15][16]

Prout's hypothesis and the whole number rule

Francis William Aston won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole number rule.[17][18]

The whole number rule states that the masses of the isotopes are integer multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom.[19] The rule is a modified version of Prout's hypothesis proposed in 1815, to the effect that atomic weights are multiples of the weight of the hydrogen atom.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg; John L. Tymoczko; Lubert (2007). "2". Biochemistry (3rd print, 6th ed.). New York: Freeman. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7167-8724-2.
  2. ↑ Fundamental Physical Constants from NIST
  3. ↑ Yergey, James.; Heller, David.; Hansen, Gordon.; Cotter, Robert J.; Fenselau, Catherine. (1983). "Isotopic distributions in mass spectra of large molecules". Analytical Chemistry. 55 (2): 353–356. doi:10.1021/ac00253a037. ISSN 0003-2700.
  4. ↑ "Monoisotopic mass spectrum". IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the Gold Book). IUPAC. 2009. doi:10.1351/goldbook.M04014.
  5. ↑ Goraczko AJ (2005), "Molecular mass and location of the most abundant peak of the molecular ion isotopomeric cluster", Journal of molecular modeling, 11 (4–5): 271–7, doi:10.1007/s00894-005-0245-x, PMID 15928922.
  6. 1 2 O. David Sparkman. Mass Spec Desk Reference (2nd. ed.). p. 60. ISBN 0-9660813-9-0.
  7. ↑ Grange AH; Winnik W; Ferguson PL; Sovocool GW (2005), "Using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer in accurate mass mode and an ion correlation program to identify compounds", Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 19 (18): 2699–715, doi:10.1002/rcm.2112, PMID 16124033.
  8. ↑ Gross, M. L. (1994), "Accurate Masses for Structure Confirmation", J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom, 5 (2): 57, doi:10.1016/1044-0305(94)85036-4.
  9. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "isotopomer".
  10. ↑ Kendrick, Edward (1963), "A mass scale based on CH2 = 14.0000 for high resolution mass spectrometry of organic compounds", Anal. Chem., 35 (13): 2146–2154, doi:10.1021/ac60206a048, retrieved 2010-01-25.
  11. ↑ Marshall AG; Rodgers RP (January 2004), "Petroleomics: the next grand challenge for chemical analysis", Acc. Chem. Res., 37 (1): 53–9, doi:10.1021/ar020177t, PMID 14730994.
  12. ↑ Mopper, Kenneth; Stubbins, Aron; Ritchie, Jason D.; Bialk, Heidi M.; Hatcher, Patrick G. (2007), "Advanced Instrumental Approaches for Characterization of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter: Extraction Techniques, Mass Spectrometry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy", Chemical Reviews, 107 (2): 419–42, doi:10.1021/cr050359b, PMID 17300139
  13. ↑ Meija, Juris (2006), "Mathematical tools in analytical mass spectrometry", Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 385 (3): 486–99, doi:10.1007/s00216-006-0298-4, PMID 16514517
  14. ↑ Kim, Sunghwan; Kramer, Robert W.; Hatcher, Patrick G. (2003), "Graphical Method for Analysis of Ultrahigh-Resolution Broadband Mass Spectra of Natural Organic Matter, the Van Krevelen Diagram", Analytical Chemistry, 75 (20): 5336–44, doi:10.1021/ac034415p, PMID 14710810
  15. ↑ Tureček, František; McLafferty, Fred W. (1993). Interpretation of mass spectra. Sausalito, Calif: University Science Books. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-935702-25-3.
  16. ↑ David O. Sparkman (2007). Mass Spectrometry Desk Reference. Pittsburgh: Global View Pub. p. 64. ISBN 0-9660813-9-0.
  17. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  18. ↑ Squires, Gordon (1998). "Francis Aston and the mass spectrograph". Dalton Transactions (23): 3893–3900. doi:10.1039/a804629h. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  19. ↑ Budzikiewicz H; Grigsby RD (2006). "Mass spectrometry and isotopes: a century of research and discussion". Mass spectrometry reviews. 25 (1): 146–57. doi:10.1002/mas.20061. PMID 16134128.
  20. ↑ Prout, William (1815). "On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms.". Annals of Philosophy. 6: 321–330. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
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