Cougar (vehicle)

The Cougar is an MRAP and infantry mobility vehicle structured to be resistant to landmines and improvised munitions.

It is a family of armored vehicles produced by Force Protection Inc, which manufactures ballistic and mine-protected vehicles. The vehicles are integrated by Spartan Motors.^[2] These vehicles are protected against small arms, land mines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) using a combination of design features and materials to protect both the crew and engine compartment against a wide range of attacks.^[6] A Monocoque type, V-shaped hull extends to the engine bay and serves to direct the blast away from under the vehicle. The dual air-conditioners help keep heavily dressed troops from overheating in temperatures over 100 °F (38 °C) in Iraq.

Development

Force Protection, Inc. was formed in 2002 when Sonic Jet purchased Technical Solutions Group, using the name Sonic Jet until 2004. Technical Solutions Group had been a defense company in the US that was involved in a range of products, including mine-resistant vehicles based on South African designs. A few vehicles were sold to the US Army for evaluation, and a small fleet of heavily protected vehicles were sold to the British Army in 2001.^[7]

In 2004, the new Cougar was designed by a small British-led team in the US at Force Protection, Inc., in response to an urgent requirement by the US Marine Corps. This was a new design, developed in the US, based on an evolution of vehicle mine-protection technology used by the South African Army and Rhodesian Security Forces since the 1970s. The very first sketches of the new vehicle were made in late March 2004 in response to those initial USMC inquiries. The rapid development and production that followed was based upon the USMC request that the first vehicle be delivered within 6 months of an order - which was subsequently placed in mid-April 2004 for 27 units.

The new design was called Cougar to provide a degree of continuity with the older designs, but had little in common with them. The former vehicles were almost entirely non-compliant with NATO standards for protection, human factors and safety, which made those designs obsolete. The Cougar was effectively a totally new vehicle which incorporated the latest US-made enhancements, a new hull design and structure, as well as built-in growth potential, including dimensions that allowed for the addition of the latest armor and protection systems.

After leaving the factory, the first vehicle was only trialed by doing some circuits of the company campus and trundling over a few rocks. Urgent operational requirements dictated that the first unit be shipped to theater as fast as possible and those involved in the project decided that the risk of doing so was outweighed by the advantages of having the vehicle available. The Cougar was fully trialed when it became part of the MRAP program.

The first Cougars were called HEV (hardened engineer vehicle), which became JERRV when the Army joined the program, and then MRAP for political reasons when the requirement for many thousands of units was issued.

Some 4,000 of these vehicles were fielded under the US military's MRAP (Mine Resistant Ambush Protected) and other vehicle programs.^[8] US Defense secretary Robert Gates demanded that the vehicles be ordered in larger numbers after the Marines reported in 2004 that no troops had died in more than 300 IED attacks on Cougars.^[7] Since then, Cougar vehicles have been hit by improvised explosive devices (IEDs) many times in Iraq with few fatalities. Britain chose the Cougar over the RG-31 Nyala for their "Mastiff" APV.^[9]

As of December 2011, the Pentagon planned to add the Crows II remote weapon station and the Frag Kit 6 anti-EFP armor.

Official data states, that the Cougar is able to withstand a blast of at least 14 kg TNT under a wheel and 7 kg TNT under a belly.^[10]

Variants

The Cougar comes in two main configurations, a 4×4 and 6×6. It is designed for the transport and protection of troops and equipment, especially against mines or IEDs. The two main configurations come in specific variants.

Cougar HEV (Hardened engineer vehicle) 

4x4 and 6x6 vehicles ordered in 2004 by the USMC.

Badger ILAV (Iraqi Light Armored Vehicle) 

Based on the Cougar and manufactured by FPII and BAE Systems for the Iraqi Army. The ILAV is based on the Cougar, which can carry ten passengers (the six wheel version can carry 16). The Cougar/ILAV vehicle uses a capsule design to protect the passengers and key vehicle components from mines and roadside bombs. The larger Cougar costs about $730,000 each, fully equipped. The Cougars have been very popular with American troops, and with Iraqis who have worked with them. 865 ILAVs were ordered by Iraq and 18 by Yemen. The ILAV gives the Iraqis the same degree of protection that most Coalition troops have.

Cougar JERRV (Joint EOD rapid response vehicle) 

4x4 and 6x6 variants for the US Army, USAF, and USMC. Approx. 200 ordered in 2005 and 2006, with another 200 ordered in late 2006 but now called MRAPs to take account of the new US military/political initiative to be seen to be responding to public concerns about casualties.

Cougar ISS 

Based on the Cougar 4x4, the ISS is fitted with an integrated independent suspension system that gives the vehicle increased cross-country mobility.^[11]

Ridgeback PPV (Protected Patrol Vehicle) 

British version of the Cougar 4x4 from FPII base vehicles with a British armor package and electronics, including installation of Enforcer remote weapon stations on some vehicles. In 2015, Salisbury coroner David Ridley raised several “points of concern” relating to the vehicle when recording a narrative verdict on the deaths of four soldiers who drowned in Helmand, Afghanistan in June 2010.^[12]

Mastiff PPV (Protected Patrol Vehicle) 

British version of the Cougar 6x6 which arrived in Afghanistan during December 2006, with FPII providing the base vehicle and NP Aerospace in the UK integrating electronics and the British armour package. The Mastiff 2 is an improved version with a capacity of 2 + 8 which arrived in Afghanistan during June 2009. The Mastiff is armed with a 7.62 mm GPMG, 12.7 mm Heavy Machine Gun or 40 mm Grenade Machine Gun.

Mastiff 2 'Protected Eyes' 

A version of the British Mastiff specially designed for the Talisman Counter-IED program. It is fitted with an M151 Protector remote weapon station, mine plow, optical camera^[13] and a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) with screens in the back to display its camera feed.^[14]

Wolfhound (Heavy Tactical Support Vehicle) 

British modification of the Cougar 6x6, with FPII providing the base vehicle and NP Aerospace in the UK integrating electronics and the British armor package. The first Wolfhounds entered service in Afghanistan in October 2010. 130 have been ordered^[15] for gun tractor and logistical roles.^[16]

MRAP 

Several thousand vehicles of 4x4 and 6x6 configuration for all of the US Armed Forces, though mostly for the USMC. Over 3500 MRAPs were to be delivered by the end of 2008.

Timberwolf

Cougar variant that was being marketed by Malley Industries of Dieppe, NS Canada for the replacement of the RG-31 and LAV for the Canadian Forces; Malley Industries lost the contract to Textron TAPV.

Fire Support Cougar

Cougar 4x4 chassis fitted with the complete turret and main gun assembly of the Panhard AML-90 armored car. In service with the Djiboutian Army.^[17]

Recovery of Airbase Denied by Ordnance (RADBO)

Category I Cougar equipped with a U.S. Air Force-designed directed energy weapon, interrogator arm, console, and other features to clear unexploded ordnance from airfields.^[18]

Operators

Map of Cougar operators in blue

•  Azerbaijan - 4 Used by peacekeeping forces
•  Canada for Canadian Forces^[19] - 40 Cougar JERRV^[20]
•  Croatia - 4+ US Army donated several Cougar MRAPs to the Croatian Army ISAF contingent in Afghanistan.^[21]
•  Denmark - 40 Cougar leased from USA. Used in Afghanistan by the army.^[22]
•  Djibouti - 12 for Djiboutian Army;^[23] some modified to accept 90mm cannon and turrets adopted from Panhard AML armored cars.^[17]
•  Georgia - 10 in service Georgian Land Forces. Also Georgian HQ units who are part of the ISAF are using the Cougar HEs in the Helmand Province.
•  Hungary - 3+10 Cougar ordered^[24]
•  Iraq - Badger 378 ordered in 2007,^[25][26] another 865 ordered by 2011.
•  Italy - 6 Cougar HE used in Afghanistan by the Italian Army.^[27]
•  Pakistan: - 20 Cougar JERRV (Buffalo Explosive Ordnance Disposal version) received from US under Coalition Support Fund in 2010.^[28][29]
•  Poland - 40 on loan from the US^[10][30]
•  Romania - Used in Afghanistan by the army.
•  Ukraine - Operates 20 with half being on loan to the OSCE
•  United Kingdom - 400 Mastiffs, 125 Wolfhounds and 160 Ridgebacks.^[31]
•  United States
  • Blackwater USA^[32]
  • US Army
  • US Navy
  • US Marine Corps
  • US Air Force

Operational history

British Mastiff with Choker mine rollers in 2012

Polish Army Cougars in Afghanistan

The Cougar is used primarily by the United States Armed Forces and the British Army, as well as law enforcement agencies in the United States. In service with those countries, the Cougar is used in a variety of roles, including the HEV (Hardened Engineer Vehicle) and the Joint Explosive Ordnance Disposal Rapid Response Vehicles (JERRV) while in service with the US Marine Corps, US Navy Seabees, and US Air Force RED HORSE.

Compared to the original Cougar vehicle, the British variant is fitted with large, vertical armor plates which cover the large vision blocks and weapon firing ports. This is in line with British Army doctrine concerning the role of the APC/MICV, specifically that it is to carry troops under protection to the objective and give firepower support when they have disembarked. The Mastiff is fitted with a turret sporting either a L7A2 GPMG (General Purpose Machine Gun), L110A1 Light Machine Gun, L11A1 Heavy Machine Gun or L134A1 40mm Grenade Machine Gun.^[33] One aspect of the British Army's approach to APC/MICV units (which differs to that of the United States) is that the ability of the average soldier to fire accurately out the ports of a moving IFV has been questioned. The large armor plates add side protection from RPGs or IED explosions.

The British Army has operated an earlier MPV named "Tempest MPV".^[34][35] As of November 2008, the British Army has ordered over 400 Cougar vehicles for deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan following a series of Urgent Operational Requirements (UORs). Deliveries of the first 86 Mastiffs began in February 2007, and an order for 22 further vehicles was placed in March, bringing the total to 108. In October 2007, Gordon Brown announced a further 140 Mastiffs and 157 new Cougar 4x4 variants, named Ridgback were being ordered to protect troops from mines and roadside bombs.^[36]

Canada has deployed the Cougar since October 2007 in Afghanistan.^[37]

From November 2008, forty Cougar H were lent by the United States for the Polish contingent in Afghanistan. In Polish service they carried 7.62mm PK machine guns.^[10]

A British Mastiff suffered an IED attack in Afghanistan in April 2013 which caused three fatalities.^[38]

A Ukrainian Cougar suffered significant damage for the first time on 3 December 2014 after being hit by a land mine near Luhansk.

Gallery

• 
  Cougar hit by mine explosion, all crew survived, vehicle drove back to base on 3 wheels
• 
  Cougar hit by 300-500 lb IED attack, all crew survived
• 
  A Cougar subjected to an explosives test
• 
  Cougar H
• 
  Iraqi Light Armored Vehicle
• 
  Iraqi Light Armored Vehicle and US army Soldiers
• 
  Iraqi Light Armored Vehicle at checkpoint.
• 
  A Mastiff Protected Patrol Vehicle, during the Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) Equipment Demonstration at Salisbury Plain in September 2008

See also

• Kamaz Typhoon
• Ural Typhoon
• Cheetah MMPV
• Buffalo (mine protected vehicle)
• MRAP (armored vehicle)
• International MaxxPro
• Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle
• Mechanised Infantry Vehicle

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cougar (4x4).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cougar (6x6).

• "Mastiff" on British Army website
• Force Protection Cougar page
• Hungarian Cougar 4x4, EOD version
• Cougar MRAP H 4x4 Technical data sheet and pictures Army Recognition
• Cougar MRAP HE 6x6 Technical data sheet and pictures Army Recognition
• Cougar page on GlobalSecurity.org
• Cougar 4x4 page and Cougar 6x6 page on deagel.com
• New Cougar HEV to hit Corps soon
• BBC News Article including reference to Cougar Purchase
• Military.com
• News about Cougar at Defense-Update
• Cougar H/HE on Armour.ws
• YouTube Video of "Future Weapons" episode featuring the Cougar.
• YouTube video of U.S. Military produced show "Iraq Freedom Minute" episode of Cougar MRAP
• Mastiff Force Protection Vehicle on Armedforces.co.uk