Megacorpstate


Megacorpstate is a form of market structure that designs new strategies to systematize the cartel power in the world.[1] This particular market framework consists of oligopolistic interdependent nations-states and multinational corporations, which have established alliance to own majority of the market power. The most prominent organizations within the structure are OPEC and the Seven Sisters that include Exxon, Mobil, Socal, Royal Dutch-Shell, BP, Texaco and Gulf.[2] Regardless of its great influence, Megacorpstate does not have a major recognition in the world. The main reason for its unfamiliarity is its disinclination to characterize itself as a separate market structure.[3]

Discovery of the Term "Megacorpstate"

Evolution into megacorpstate

Alfred Eichner, creative theorist, Keynesian economist and Rutgers University economics professor introduced the term the "megacorp" in his book "The Megacorp and Oligopoly" (1976).[4] The term was initially used to describe the powerful and expansive corporate groups that held monopolistic power over multiple markets.[5] Like many intellectuals who studied Eichner's work, J.Barkley Rosser. Jr, endeavoured to expand the ideas and research on megacorporations. He recognized a strong alliance present between the monopolistically powerful multinational oil corporation groups and nation states. As a result of such interlocking relationships and trade, these participants formed a rather rare market structure. After careful analysis and consideration, Rosser decided on labeling the new formed market, "Megacorpstate".[3]

Firms transforming Into Megacorpstate

Stephen Hymer, influential Canadian economist, also researched on the activities relating to multinational corporate firms and their growth.[6] Through his research, he deduced the growth factors and processes by which small firms evolved into giant multinational organizations.[7] By taking small United States firms into consideration, Hymer explained the stages a company passed in order to reach hierarchy in the market. Stephen Hymer observed the historical pattern of those U.S firms which, developed from small workshops to factories to national organizations. Soon after they transformed into national organizations, they strived to become multidivisional and later multinational corporations.[7][8] Upon achieving dominance in the market as multinational megacorporations, they formed alliance and partnerships with similar or superior status giant corporations to enter the new formed market of Megacorporstate.[3]

Structure of Megacorpstate

Megacorpstate was one of the very first market structure to have multinational operations. As a result of having such diversity, the market is reputed to have the most expansive degree of vertical integration in the world.[3] Megacorpstate has integrated extensive network of joint pipeline agreements, joint operations and interconnecting relationships in its structure. These elements under the market provide platforms of joint cooperation and confidence between member groups of organizations. Majority of the companies that control the Megacorpstate market are petroleum companies and nations.[3]

OPEC member countries

The Seven Sisters

The Seven Sisters hold a major position in this market structure. Formed in 1950s, the group is an alliance of seven multinational oil companies in the world.[9] The member organizations Exxon, Mobil, Socal, Royal Dutch-Shell, BP, Texaco and Gulf held dominance over 85% of the petroleum reserves until 1970s. However, with the emergence of OPEC, its influence over the petroleum sector diminished.[10] The Seven Sisters have formed alliance with other multinational oil companies and nations to share the market of Megaorpstate.[3]

OPEC

OPEC is the most dominant and influential entity in the Megacorpstate.[3] Every economic fluctuations that is experienced by this organization affects the entire market structure.[11] As a result, a crucial relationship between the two entities is be observed. In order to fully understand the mechanism and functionality of Megacorpstate, OPEC has to be understood first.

OPEC Features

Oil Supply 2015

OPEC is a mnemonic for organization of petroleum exporting countries.[12] The giant megacorporation was established in September, 1960 in Baghdad by five founder nations, Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.[13] The initiative was taken to promote economic enrichment and stability among its member nations and to decrease the oil market volatility. The corporation currently holds 12 oil rich countries in the world which earn majority of their income through oil revenues.[14] The current member nations are Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Libya, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and the United Arab Emirates. According to OPEC, membership is open to any nation that has substantial oil resource and observe the same principles as the organization.[13] Another important note to take is that only governments are allowed to make a decision on joining the organization.[15] According to statistics gathered by the organization, the biggest suppliers of OPEC are Venezuela and Saudi Arabia.[16]

OPEC Quota Structure

OPEC holds meetings with its members in March and September of every year. During these meetings, the members examine the oil market conditions and fix quotas for themselves. The members divide the shares of oil production among the nation states. Based on the quota system, the percentages of oil production are divided according to the stated reserves of each country. Consequently, in order to obtain larger percentage share, member nations often overstate their reserves. Following this system, OPEC endeavours to change the market.[15] This is an indication that the OPEC petroleum traders exercise enough market power to fix the oil prices around the world. They might increase oil prices much higher than the true economic price of the resources and reshape the Megacorpstate .[3]

OPEC Decision Making Structure

There are no formal literature that explains the process of decision making of OPEC. However, economists have carried out extensive research to produce a layout of the decision making processes. Models that have been designed can be grouped according to (1) OPEC members having power over decision making. (2) The economic ambition of the OPEC members. (3) The strategy applied to accomplish the ambitions.[17] There are many analytical views on the decision making structure. One view discusses that OPEC acts as a single entity and makes the final decision on prices after the members have negotiated among themselves. Another view suggests that a decision is reached after negotiations have been made among small and large shareholders after considering supply restrictions and rationing. Regardless of such perspectives, there is no formal model to represent the system.[3]

OPEC Oil Pricing System

Like the decision making structure, there is no fixed model for price reflection. It greatly depends on the member nations to finalize a rate. Nevertheless, considering OPEC's market power, economists believe it should have set higher prices to generate higher profits. Since the organization sets considerably low prices, many theorists have presented explanations for this act. Some have proposed that the intention behind lower prices is to reserve the oil for future investments or as an alternative to generating current revenues. Other economists believe that its motivation to establish low prices is due to a force that is present within its own organization and call the force Saudi Arabia.[17]

Influence Of Saudi Arabia

Oil state Saudi Arabia, has always been adamant in maintaining low prices. Saudi Arabia is by far one of the biggest producer of the OPEC and supplies 22% of total OPEC output.[18] Consequently, it is one of the powerful nation state present in the organization. In order to establish its preferable pricing, the country has been reported to separate from other OPEC countries and introduce two tier OPEC price structure. Thus opposing other members to increase the price point. There are many theories that exists behind these actions. One of the analyst theories suggests that due to the poverty present in the country, it is incapable of accepting large quantities of goods. Subsequently, it does not want to produce more revenues than a specific amount. Another theory proposes that the nation is hesitant to make an increase due to its fear of military encounter with other oil consuming nations.[17]

OPEC Stability and Performance

Fluctuation In Oil Pricing

OPEC claims to generate profits for oil firms by adjusting the petroleum supply and retaining the resource prices. However, the strategy does not help it to substantially dominate the Megacorpstate in order to obtain gradual rise of income and revenues. If the organization decides to adjust the supply flow to increase the revenues, the nation states will benefit from temporary gain and simultaneously, give rise to macro economic variation. Nevertheless, the greater effect of this action will be deceleration of the world economy. If the OPEC's oil economy becomes unstable, then the oil production of the member nations may become unstable as well. Hence some nations might choose to quit the organization in order to stabilize their oil sectors.[15] Since, OPEC is the dominant entity in the Megacorpstate, fluctuations in its performance will affect the market accordingly. For example, with the increase of its revenue stability, the stability of the market will increase and vice versa.

Assumptions On OPEC's Stability

Most economists predicted that the organization would soon die after it became a powerful price settler in the year 1973. In support of their views they argued that the company will become more unstable with expansion and each member will get determined to increase the output and decrease the prices according to its preference. When all the member traders begin to act according to their own agendas, the price setting system will collapse. Surprisingly, the petroleum empire did not get disassembled. Rather it expanded further. OPEC's survival story is still a mystery as the economists do not yet a have clear understanding of the matter.[1]

Future Of Megacorpstate

Uranium

The Megacorpstate has been successful in manipulating the oil prices around the world due to the relationship between the OPEC and the multinational giant corporations. Nevertheless, due to existing laws of member countries and market structures, it does not disclose itself as a separate and unique market. OPEC is already deeply involved with Megacorpstate. It is predicted that the organization along with other multinational organizations will unify and define the structures within the market with time. A parallel and opposing prediction exists that speaks about the disintegration of Megacorpstate due to the breakdown of OPEC. One way to diminish the chance of this prediction is to have a flexible oil production scheme of Saudi Arabia. If the country's petroleum production is adjustable, it can save OPEC from failing.[1] Megacorpstate is undoubtedly a usual market structure. Nevertheless, it can include other sectors of energy in future besides oil and petroleum. A possible sector would be uranium industry. However, the possibility of formation of another Megacorpstate is highly unlikely as the market involves many complications and risks.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Barkley Rosser, JR, J (1981). "The emergence of the megacorpstate and the acceleration of global inflation". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. JSTOR 4537605.
  2. ↑ Hoyos, Carlos (2007). "The new seven sisters oil and gas giants dwarf western rivals" (PDF). The new seven sisters oil and gas giants dwarf wester rivals. Retrieved 16 Oct 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rosser, J. Barkley, Jr. (1981-04-01). "The Emergence of the Megacorpstate and the Acceleration of Global Inflation". Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 3 (3): 429–439. doi:10.1080/01603477.1981.11489232. JSTOR 4537605.
  4. ↑ Street, James H.; Arestis, Philip; Tool, Marc R. (1988-12-01). "In Memoriam: Alfred S. Eichner, 1937-1988". Journal of Economic Issues. 22 (4): 1239–1242. doi:10.1080/00213624.1988.11504853. JSTOR 4226081.
  5. ↑ Eichner, Alfred (1976). The Megacorp and Oligopoly, Micro Foundations Of Macro Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
  6. ↑ Pitelis, Christos N. (2002-12-01). "Stephen Hymer: Life and the Political Economy of Multinational Corporate Capital". Contributions to Political Economy. 21 (1): 9–26. doi:10.1093/cpe/21.1.9. ISSN 0277-5921.
  7. 1 2 Buckley, Peter J. (2006). "Stephen Hymer: Three phases, one approach?". International Business Review. 15 (2): 140–147. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2005.03.008.
  8. ↑ Hymer, Stephen (1970-05-01). "The Efficiency (Contradictions) of Multinational Corporations". The American Economic Review. 60 (2): 441–448. JSTOR 1815843.
  9. ↑ Ketola, Tarja (1993). "The seven sisters: Snow whites, dwarfs or evil queens? A comparison of the official environmental policies of the largest oil corporations in the world". Business Strategy and the Environment. 2 (3): 22. doi:10.1002/bse.3280020303.
  10. ↑ Ketola, Tarja (1993). "The seven sisters: Snow whites, dwarfs or evil queens? A comparison of the official environmental policies of the largest oil corporations in the world". Business Strategy and the Environment. 2 (3): 22–33. doi:10.1002/bse.3280020303.
  11. ↑ Radetzki, Marian (2012). "Politics—not OPEC interventions—explain oil's extraordinary price history". Energy Policy. 46: 382–385. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.075. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  12. ↑ ISBN 9780199234899
  13. 1 2 "OPEC : Member Countries". www.opec.org. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  14. ↑ Pecchenino, Rowena (2005). "Can a Cartel Fuel the Engine of Economic Development?" (PDF). Working Paper Series. Retrieved 2015. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  15. 1 2 3 Noguera, José (2005). "Can a Cartel Fuel the Engine of Economic Development?". Cerge-Ei.
  16. ↑ "OPEC : Home". www.opec.org. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  17. 1 2 3 PLAUT, STEVEN E. (1981-11-01). "OPEC IS NOT A CARTEL". Challenge. 24 (5): 18–24. doi:10.1080/05775132.1981.11470722. JSTOR 40720003.
  18. ↑ OPEC member country profiles. Vienna: Secretariat, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1983-01-01.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/10/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.