Metaphor Computer Systems


Metaphor Computer Systems (1982–1994) was a Xerox PARC spin-off that created an advanced workstation, database gateway, a unique graphical office interface, and software applications that communicate. The Metaphor machine was one of the first commercial workstations to offer a complete hardware/software package and a GUI. Although the company achieved some commercial success, it never achieved the fame of either the Apple Macintosh or Microsoft Windows.


History

David Liddle and Donald Massaro founded Metaphor in 1982 after leaving Xerox PARC.[1] By 1987, the company had an annual revenue of $39.7 million.[1] In 1991, IBM, one of its primary customers, acquired the company outright.[2]

Product overview

Hardware

The Metaphor workstation had a wireless keyboard, wireless mouse, wireless numeric pad, and a wireless 5-function keypad. All these input devices docked in the desktop workstation where they were recharged. Objects on the desktop and open applications had a uniform command set that could be controlled by the keypad which had Copy, Move, Delete, Options, and Size. Workstations were connected with Ethernet. The industrial design of the workstation was done by Mike Nutall of Matrix Product Design. It won a gold medal from the IDSA. The workstation itself was engineered by James Yurchenco at David Kelley Design. Both Matrix and David Kelley Design were precursors of IDEO.

Two different workstations models were produced. Workstation One had an external electronics enclosure. Workstation Two had integrated electronics. A Workstation Three, which included a color screen, was designed through final prototypes, but was never taken into production.

GUI Origins

Xerox PARC in 1973 began development of the Alto, widely shown in 1979. The Alto was the first computer with a bitmap display, mouse and a desktop metaphor as a graphical user interface (GUI). Xerox commercialized it as the Xerox Star.

DIS

The Metaphor GUI provided a unique visualization of end-to-end elements in an enterprise. In total, Metaphor[3] branded this as a Data Interpretation System (DIS), which is a class of Decision Support System (DSS) [4] The DIS software was designed to show in one workflow, the access of data from SQL databases, its analysis and then its presentation. This was accomplish by using graphically iconic applications for database gateway, spreadsheet, plot, email, and printing tools all connected by arrows. These were animated when the workflow ran. The workflow collection was called a Capsule.[5]

Capsule

The heart of the Metaphor DIS system was the Capsule. Basically, a capsule was a simplified BATCH program. Because Metaphor applications were built so they communicated with each other, they could be moved into a folder and automated in a "Capsule". (The name was taken from the manned space capsules of the time.)

The functionality of the Word Processor, Spreadsheet, and Data Retrieval tools were no better than their Microsoft Office counterparts (in fact, they had a smaller sub-set of features than Office). The primary advantage of Metaphor's system was the degree to which applications were linked together. Complex reiterative data-retrieval jobs were able to be created on-the-fly by a user with no programming knowledge.

A user could visually drag fields from multiple databases into the Data Retrieval tool (which would generate its own SQL code based on the fields, links and criteria displayed) and send the output directly into a spreadsheet for sorting, calculations, and graphs. Then, send the entire report could be sent into a pre-formatted Word Processing document, sent to the printer, and even e-mailed to a pre-designated distribution list. The whole process would repeat for each SKU, Region, Price Code, etc. without any human interaction.

Even in today's GUI designs, this abstract conception of the desktop has never been attempted because it requires the interoperation of every application, a uniform dataflow model, and a communication protocol usable by a supervisor in a programmatic way.

Meta5

In March 2000, IBM licensed the Metaphor IBM Intelligent Decision Server (IDS) technology to Relational Development Systems (RDS), which was renamed Meta5.[6]

Patriot Partners

Metaphor and IBM created a venture called Patriot Partners in 1990. The attempt was to create an organization that could produce a solid business line of object-oriented software.[7] Rather than capitalize the venture, IBM purchased the Metaphor software division in 1991 and operated it as a wholly owned, independent subsidiary, and the hardware and field repair division was spun of into its own company, Sequence Support Services. In May 1992, Sequence Support Services ceased operations. In October 1994, Metaphor ceased operations.

References

  1. 1 2 "'IBM Gets Stake in Metaphor to Enhance Its PCs'". LA Times. 19 April 1988. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  2. ↑ "'Metaphor Chief Hired By I.B.M.'". New York Times. 13 November 1991. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  3. ↑ "A Brief History Of Metaphor Computer Systems". Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  4. ↑ "A Brief History of Decision Support Systems". Retrieved 2006-11-02.
  5. ↑ LaPlante, Alice (July 24, 1989). "Metaphor Workstations Run OS/2, DOS, and DIS". InfoWorld. 11 (30): 26.
  6. ↑ "Meta5 Company History". Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  7. ↑ "'established giants seeking relief create industry implosion'". InfoWorld News. 22 July 1991. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

Further reading

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