Micrographia (handwriting)

For artwork "drawn" with lines of minute characters, see micrography.
Example of writing by a patient with Parkinson's disease that is possibly showing micrographia in addition to other abnormal characteristics. Published by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1879.

Micrographia is an acquired disorder where there is abnormally small, cramped handwriting, or the progression to continually smaller handwriting.[1] It is commonly associated with neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia, such as in Parkinson's disease, but it has also been described in subcortical focal lesions.[2] O'Sullivan and Schmitz describe it as an abnormally small handwriting that is difficult to read, as seen in the photo to the right.[3] Micrographia is also seen in patients with Wilson's disease and Metamorphopsia, or with isolated focal lesions of the midbrain or basal ganglia.[1]

Parkinson's disease

A common feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is to have difficulty in routine activities due to lack of overall control of movement.[4] More specifically, patients have difficulty maintaining the scale of movements and have reduced amplitude of movement; also known as hypokinesia.[5] These difficulties with scaling and controlling the amplitude of movement cause patients with PD to have difficulty with complex, sequential movements.[4] This helps to explain why micrographia is a common sign and symptom of the disease. Another reason is a lack of physical dexterity.

James Parkinson may have been aware of micrographia in patients with shaking palsy (later renamed Parkinson's disease), when he described, "the hand failing to answer with exactness to the dictates of the will".[2]

Occurrence in Parkinson's

Micrographia is seen in 9 to 75% of PD patients, and often appears before other cognitive symptoms.[6]

Pharmacological management

Micrographia may worsen when a PD patient is under-medicated, or the effects of the medication are wearing off.[7]

References

  1. 1 2 A.J. Larner (12 November 2010). A Dictionary of Neurological Signs. Springer. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-4419-7095-4.
  2. 1 2 Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders, Three-Volume Set. Academic Press. 26 February 2010. ISBN 978-0-12-374105-9.
  3. ↑ O'Sullivan, pp. 1339
  4. 1 2 O'Sullivan, pp. 858
  5. ↑ O'Sullivan, pp. 857
  6. ↑ Ziliotto A, Cersosimo MG, Micheli FE (2015). "Handwriting Rehabilitation in Parkinson Disease: A Pilot Study". Ann Rehabil Med. 39: 586–91. doi:10.5535/arm.2015.39.4.586. PMC 4564706Freely accessible. PMID 26361595.
  7. ↑ Dr. Paul Tuite MD; Dr. Hubert Fernandez MD; Cathi Thomas RN, MS; Dr. Laura Ruekert PharmD, RPh (23 March 2009). Parkinson's Disease: A Guide to Patient Care. Springer Publishing Company. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8261-2269-8. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)

Bibliography

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