Mohammed Asif Safi

Mohammed Asif Safi محمد آصف صافي
Born	1923 Alikhel District, Laghman Province, Afghanistan
Died	July 26, 2009
Nationality	Afghan
Occupation	Army General in the Afghan National Army
Known for	Military service
Religion	Muslim

General Mohammed Asif Safi (1923 — July 26, 2009) (Pashto:تور نجنرال اركا نحرب محمد آصف صافي) was an Army General in the Afghan National Army during King Zahir Shah's rule in Afghanistan, and later during the 1970s era of President Mohammed Daoud Khan. General Asif Khan was supporter of a strong and unified military made up of all the ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

Early Life and Education

General Asif Khan was born in Laghman province of Afghanistan. His father, Mohammed Ayub Khan (also known as Malik Saylob), was a local Malik of Alikhil district. At age four, Asif Khan attended Afghanistan's National Army school (Pashto: Arbi Shwanzai). In 1944, he graduated from Afghanistan’s National Army University (Pashto: Arbi Pohantoon) with highest honor. In 1945, he went to India for higher education, and attended an Army Institute in the city of Ambala. In 1955, he went to Turkey where he obtained a Master Degree with highest honor. In 1959, he went to Turkey for second time to obtain a Doctorate Degree(PhD) (Pashto:أركانارب Arkaan e Arb). He attended the Turkish War College of Command (Turkish: Harp Akademileri Komutanlığı), which is the one of the world's leading universities and same Army Institute attended by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and many other world known Turkish and International army officers.^[1]

Career

1962, General Asif Khan first row 3rd from left and to his right is Army Chief of Staff General Farooq Khan.

Asif Khan did not affiliate with any political movement or party in Afghanistan. He always dedicated his service to Afghanistan's people and security. In 1962, Asif Khan was appointed as Commander for Officer’s University of Heytyaat. In 1967, he was appoint as Commander and Professor at Officer’s Higher University (Dari: Course of Haa, Haa being short for Haali = Higher), which he also founded. During this time hundreds of Army Officers were trained under him, and he established himself a unique position in Afghan Army. He was considered one of the most educated and influential Officer in the Army. Based on his qualification and the respect that he earned in Army, Asif Khan was promoted to the first rank of army General (Pashto: بريت جنرال Breet General)in 1970.

In 1973, General Asif Khan was appointed as the Commander of Air Defense at Qala-i-Jangi of Kabul Province. In 1974, he was appointed as the Director of Army’s Ministry of Education (Pashto: Taleem-O-Tarbia). In 1975, he was appointed as the Commander of Army’s 12th Infantry in Gardēz (Dari: گردیز, Pashto: ګردېز), the capital of Paktiā province of Afghanistan. In 1976, he was appointed as the Commander of Army’s 20th Infantry in Nahrin, a town in Baghlan Province of north-eastern Afghanistan. Also during this year he was promoted to the rank of the second rank of army General (Pashto; توران جنرال Tooran General).

Establishment of First Army Officer’s Academy

One of General Asif Khan's greatest achievement and service to Afghan National Army was the establishment of the first Officer’s Academy in the history of Afghanistan known as Course-e-Haa (short for Course e Haali Afsaran meaning Academy of Higher Education for Officers). Before this course, Afghanistan’s army only had Harbi Shwanzai (Army School of 1 through 12K), and Harbi Pohantun (Army University which offered 4-year program), which meant that Master Degree program were not offered for army officers. Most army officer, including General Asif Khan himself, would travel to India, United States, Turkey, and Russia, to obtain higher army education. General Asif khan was the first army officer to obtain a Doctorate Degree from Turkey, and therefore, had academic credentials to issue a Master Degree for army officers. Given his experience of commanding and teaching at Officer’s University of Heytyaat (Army Reserve University), Army University (Harbi Pohantun), and Army High School (Harbi Shwanzai), General Asif Khan, in 1967, established the Course-e-Haa (Officer’s Academy for Higher Education). The Diploma offered by Course-e-Haa was equivalent to that of a Master Degree. Hence, for the first time in the history of Afghanistan’s armed forces, since its modern era establishment by Amir Shir Ali Khan during the 1860s, Afghanistan’s army officer could obtain higher education in Afghanistan instead of travelling to other countries. Hundreds of Afghan army officers, including many prominent figures, attended and graduated from Course-e-Haa, and General Asif Khan was well respected mentor among them.

Political Turmoil of Afghanistan

General Asif Khan receiving a medal of honor from President Daoud Khan.

In 1973, while Mohammed Zahir Shah was in Italy, his cousin and former Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud Khan staged a coup d'état and established a Republican Government with himself as President. During this time, General Asif Khan was forced out of Army since he did not assist Daoud Khan in his coup. Eventually President Daoud Khan met with General Asif Khan and acknowledged his service for Afghanistan and not for King Zahir or the Monarchy. President Daoud Khan re-appointed General Asif Khan to the Army and promoted him to a higher position later on.

In 1973, shortly after Daoud Khan's rise to Presidency, a coup attempt, which may have been planned before Daoud Khan took power, was subdued shortly after his Presidency. Former Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal (Pashto: محمد هاشم میوندوال ) was arrested in this plot. Whether Maiwandwal was in on the plot from the start is open to question. This led to the arrest of Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal and 20 others, including General Mohammed Asif Safi. General Asif Khan was jailed for two weeks and released. President Daoud Khan personally apologized to General Asif Khan for the arrest and for forcing him out of the Army. General Asif Khan cautioned and advised President Daoud Khan during this meeting of the threat of rising Communist movement, and specifically named Babrak Karmal as one of the members of this movement. Maiwandwal was killed by Parcham (Pashto: پرچم meaning "Banner" or "Flag") wing of the Communist movement (who controlled Interior Ministry) during his custody. General Asif Khan was deeply moved by the assassination of Maiwandwal, who was a prominent figure in Afghanistan’s history. In General Asif Khan’s personal diaries, he noted former Prime Minister Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal’s assassination as the beginning of Afghanistan's sad history.

On April 19, 1978, PDPA leaders such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal, launched a bloody coup d'état against President Daoud Khan. Daoud Khan and most of his family were shot in the presidential palace the following day. General Asif Khan was in Nahrin when he heard the news. He was not able to bring his Infantry to Kabul to assist President Daoud Khan. When General Asif Khan returned to Kabul, he was put under house arrest by the newly Communist regime for a short period of time, and later on forced to an honorable retirement. This put an end to General Mohammed Asif Safi's Fifty One (51) year of honorable Service to People and Army of Afghanistan.

Achievements and Contributions

General Asif Khan receiving a medal of honor from Sardar Shah Wali Khan and then Prime Minister Daoud Khan in the background.

General Asif Khan was a true soldier of free Afghanistan. He has proudly served his whole career to defend the sovereignty and independence of Afghan nation. He was a strong supporter of a powerful and unified Afghan National Army. General Asif Khan has received numerous Medal of Honor for his excellence in National Service. He has received medals from Marshal Sardar Shah Wali Khan Ghazi, King Zahir Shah, President Daoud Khan etc. General Asif Khan had traveled numerous times on behalf of Defense Ministry to other countries for weapon purchase and signing defense contracts. He had accompanied King Zahir Shah on an official state visit to Russia in 1967. General Asif Khan was the Security in Charge (Pashto: Yaawar) to many foreign dignitary and heads of state visiting Afghanistan, including Iran’s Prime Minister Amir-Abbas Hoveida’s official visit to Afghanistan.

General Asif Khan's biography in honor of his service to Afghanistan has been written in the Defense Ministry even today. His work as Founder and leading instructor of Course-e-Haa, Air Defense, and for translating numerous military books and articles from Turkish to Pashto and Dari was recognized even during communist regime of Afghanistan.

Post-Service Life

During the communist regime many prominent former military Officers were assassinated or forced to flee Afghanistan. General Asif Khan was put under house arrest twice during President Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin. He was not harmed because Asif Khan was not associated with any political movement, and that his life during service was absolute transparent and honest. At the end of 1979 when Babrak Karmal came to power, with him, came the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. General Asif Khan was deeply hurt by the invasion of his country which he defended his entire service life. Asif Khan developed deep medical depression during this time, and when he wanted to leave country his passport was denied. General Asif Khan did not want to travel to Pakistan by land. During this period General Asif Khan was invited to many Government sponsored events but Asif Khan refused to attend, except those related to Afghanistan’s military history and culture.

In 1986, when Dr. Mohammad Najibullah became president some freedom of movement and expression was restored in Afghanistan. However, security was constantly destabilizing during this time.

General Asif Khan in January, 2007.

General Asif Khan did attended Loya Jirga under President Dr. Najibullah, but the country was moving towards even farther destruction because of the civil war. During the presidency of Dr. Najibullah the Defense Ministry honored General Asif Khan’s service by putting his name and biography officially as the leading Instructor of Course-e- Haa and Air Defense. Also during this period General Asif Khan was given a Diplomatic passport and all the travel restrictions were removed. General Asif Khan, painfully, left his country for India in 1989. He moved to United States in 1997 where he peacefully lived final years of his life. In 2005, General Asif visited Mecca to fulfill Hajj and completed pilgrimage at age 81. General Asif khan died of natural causes on July 26, 2009. General Asif Khan’s grave site is located in Sacramento Muslim Cemetery^[3] in northern California. General Asif Khan left behind his second wife and twelve children, six daughters and six sons.

References