Monday demonstrations in East Germany

The Monday demonstrations in East Germany in 1989 to 1991 (German: Montagsdemonstrationen) were a series of peaceful political protests against the government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) that took place every Monday evening. Because the church played a big role in them, the Monday demonstrations are also sometimes called the Religious Protest. The protests that occurred between 1989 to 1991 can be separated into 5 cycles. The Monday demonstrations started in Leipzig and were spontaneous, meaning that the demonstrations were not planned beforehand.

Overview

St. Nicholas Church, interior
Demonstrators with banners. This demonstration took place after the fall of the wall.

In Leipzig the demonstrations began on 4 September 1989 after the weekly Friedensgebet (prayer for peace) in the St. Nicholas Church (Nikolaikirche) with parson Christian Führer, and eventually filled the nearby Karl Marx Square (today known again as Augustusplatz). Safe in the knowledge that the Lutheran Church supported their resistance, many dissatisfied East German citizens gathered in the court of the church, and non-violent demonstrations began in order to demand rights such as the freedom to travel to foreign countries and to elect a democratic government. The location of the demonstration attributed to the success of the protests. Leipzig was freer than other cities such as Berlin as there were no Stasi headquarters (GDR secret police) stationed there to stop the demonstrations. Leipzig also had the Leipziger Messe, the Leipzig trade fair, which allowed for businessmen and media from West Germany to enter East Germany.

Informed by West German television and friends about the events, people in other East German cities began repeating the Leipzig demonstration, meeting at city squares on Monday evenings. A major turning point was the events in the West German Embassy of Prague, where thousands of East Germans had fled in September, living there in conditions reminiscent of the Third World. Hans-Dietrich Genscher had negotiated an agreement that allowed them to travel to the West, in trains that had to pass first through the GDR. Genscher's speech from the balcony was interrupted by a very emotional reaction to his announcement. When the trains passed Dresden's central station in early October, police had to stop people from trying to jump on the trains.

By 9 October 1989, just after the 40th anniversary celebrations of the GDR, what had begun as a few hundred gatherers at St. Nicholas' Church had swelled to more than 70,000 (out of the city's population of 500,000), all united in peaceful opposition to the regime. The most famous chant became Wir sind das Volk! ("We are the people!"), reminding their leaders that a democratic republic has to be ruled by the people, not by an undemocratic party claiming to represent them.[1]

Although some demonstrators were arrested, the threat of large-scale intervention by security forces never materialised as local leaders (SED party leader Helmut Hackenberg and Generalmajor Gerhard Straßenburg of the armed police), without precise orders from East Berlin and surprised by the unexpectedly high number of citizens, shied away from causing a possible massacre, ordering the retreat of their forces. Later, Egon Krenz claimed it was he who gave the order not to intervene.[1]

The next week, in Leipzig on 16 October 1989, 120,000 turned up, with military units again being held on stand-by in the vicinity. (Two days after the rally, Erich Honecker was forced to resign.) The next week, the number more than doubled to 320,000. This pressure led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, marking the imminent fall of the socialist GDR regime.

The demonstrations eventually ended in March 1990, around the time of the first free multi-party elections on all-GDR level, for the Volkskammer parliament that paved the way to German reunification.

Years later, Monday demonstrations were also held in the 2000s as a protest against the Iraq war, against social security changes (Hartz IV), and since the fall of 2009 against the Stuttgart 21 project. In 2014, Monday demonstrations called "Vigils for Peace", focusing especially on the U.S. Federal Reserve System, were held in Germany in response to the crisis in Ukraine. Starting with 2014, Monday demonstrations started taking place in Dresden against what protesters (a group later to become known as PEGIDA) saw as the threat of Europe becoming "islamicised".

Cycles of the Monday Demonstration

First Cycle (September. 25, 1989 to Dec. 18, 1989) Total of 13 protests. Second Cycle (Jan. 8, 1990 to Mar. 12, 1990) Total of 10 protests. Third Cycle (Sept. 10, 1990 to Oct. 22, 1990) Total of 7 protests. Fourth Cycle (Jan. 21, 1990 to Feb. 18, 1990) Total of 5 protests. Fifth Cycle (Mar. 4, 1991 to Apr. 22, 1991) Total of 7 protests.[2]

Role of the Church

During the rule of the GDR the church was one of the only institutions that could remain their own autonomy and to organize a group of people. However, it is important to note that the church did not organize nor encourage the demonstrations even though the demonstration stemmed from the peace prayers. The Church only acted on their ideology of "work against injustice and oppression." As a result, the church offered sanctuary to the politically alternative groups, the victims of the GDR rule. The church also offered them financial aid, support from the congregation and a place to communicate.[3]

At first the church did not speak of the GDR or anything politically related. However, by the middle of 1989 there was a "politicization of the church." Politics started to appear in the sermon of the preachers. As the church was the only place to get political information, more and more people started to gather. This helped spread information about the injustices that were occurring in the state. The gathering of people and the spread of information helped the formation of spontaneous demonstrations to occur after the peace prayers.[3][4]

See also

Literature

References

  1. 1 2 Curry, Andrew (October 9, 2009). "A Peaceful Revolution in Leipzig". SpiegelOnline. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  2. ↑ Lohmann, S. (1994). The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989-91. World Politics, 47(1), 42-101.
  3. 1 2 Crutchley, Peter (October 9, 2015). "Did a prayer meeting really bring down the Berlin Wall and end the Cold War?". BBC. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  4. ↑ Karl-Dieter Opp, Peter Voss, Christiane Gern(1995). Origins of a spontaneous revolution: East Germany,1989. University of Michigan Press.
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