Monetary reform

Monetary reform describes any movement or theory that proposes a system of supplying money and financing the economy that is different from the current system.[1]

Monetary reformers may advocate any of the following, among other proposals:

Common targets for reform

Of all the aspects of monetary policy, certain topics reoccur as targets for reform:

Reserve Requirements

Banks typically make loans to customers by crediting new demand deposits to the account of the customer. This practice, which is known as fractional reserve banking, permits the total supply of credit to exceed the liquid legal reserves of the bank. The amount of this excess is expressed as the "reserve ratio" and is limited by government regulators not to exceed a level which they deem adequate to ensure the ability of banks to meet their payment obligations. Under this system, which is currently practiced throughout the world, the money supply varies with the quantity of legal reserves and the amount of credit issuance by banks.

Several major historical examples of financial regulatory reform occurred in the 20th century relating to fractional-reserve banking, made in response to the Great Depression and the many bank runs following the crash of 1929. These reforms included the creation of deposit insurance (such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) to mitigate against the danger of bank runs.[13] Countries have also implemented legal reserve requirements which impose minimum reserve requirements on banks.[14] Mainstream economists believe[13] that these monetary reforms have made sudden disruptions in the banking system less frequent.

However, some critics of fractional reserve banking argue that the practice inherently artificially lowers real interest rates and leads to business cycles propagated by excessive capital investment and subsequent contraction.[15] A small number of critics, such as Michael Rowbotham, equate the practice to counterfeiting, because banks are granted the legal right to issue new loans while charging interest on the money thus created. Rowbotham argues that this concentrates wealth in the banking sector with various pernicious effects.[9]

Money creation by the central bank

Some critics discuss the fact that governments pay interest for the use of money which the central bank creates "out of nothing".[16] These critics claim that this system causes economic activity to depend on the actions of privately owned banks, which are motivated by self-interest rather than by any explicit social purpose or obligation.

International organizations and developing nations

Some monetary reformers criticise existing global financial institutions like the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Bank of International Settlements and their policies regarding money supply, banks and debt in developing nations, in that they appear to these writers to be "forcing" a regime of extortionate or unpayable debt on weak Third World governments that do not have the capacity to pay the interest on these loans without severely affecting the well-being or even the viability of the local population. The attempt by weak Third World governments to service external debt with the sale of valuable hard and soft commodities on world markets is seen by some to be destructive of local cultures, destroying local communities and their environment.[5][9][17]

Alternative money systems

Central Bank Independence

To regulate credit creation, some countries have created a currency board, or granted independence to their central bank. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Federal Reserve, and the Bank of England are examples where the central bank is explicitly given the power to set interest rates and conduct monetary policy independent of any direct political interference or direction from the central government. This may enable the setting of interest rates to be less susceptible to political interference and thereby assist in combating inflation (or debasement of the currency) by allowing the central bank to more effectively restrict the growth of M3.[18]

However, given that these policies do not address the more fundamental issues inherent in fractional reserve banking, many suggest that only more radical monetary reform can promote positive economic or social change. Although central banks may appear to control inflation, through periodic bank rescues and other means, they may inadvertently be forced to increase the money supply (and thereby debase the currency) to save the banking system from bankruptcy or collapse during periodic bank runs, thereby inducing moral hazard in the financial system, making the system susceptible to economic bubbles.[19]

International Monetary Reform

Theorists such as Robert Mundell (and more radical thinkers such as James Robertson) see a role for global monetary reform as part of a system of global institutions alongside the United Nations to provide global ecological management and move towards world peace, with Robert Mundell in particular advocating the revived use of gold as a stabilising factor in the international financial system.[20][21] Henry Liu of the Asia Times Online argues that monetary reform is an important part of a move towards post-autistic economics.[22]

While some mainstream economists favour monetary reforms to reduce inflation and currency risk and to increase efficiency in the allocation of financial capital, the idea of all-encompassing reform for green or peace objectives is typically espoused by those on the left-wing of the subject and those associated with the anti-globalization movement.[23]

Social Credit and the provision of debt-free money directly from government

Still other radical reform proposals emphasise monetary, tax and capital budget reform which empowers government to direct the economy toward sustainable solutions which are not possible if government spending can only be financed with more government debt from the private banking system. In particular a number of monetary reformers, such as Michael Rowbotham, Stephen Zarlenga and Ellen Brown, support the restriction or banning of fractional-reserve banking (characterizing it as an illegitimate banking practice akin to embezzlement) and advocate the replacement of fractional-reserve banking with government-issued debt-free fiat currency issued directly from the Treasury rather than from the quasi-government Federal Reserve. Austrian commentator Gary North has sharply criticized these views in his writings.[24]

Alternatively, some monetary reformers such as those in the Social Credit movement, support the issuance of repayable interest-free credit from a government-owned central bank to fund infrastructure and sustainable social projects. This Social Credit movement flourished briefly in the early 20th century, but then became marginalized. In Canada, it was an important political movement that ruled Alberta through nine legislatures between 1935 and 1971, and also won many seats in Québec. It died out in the 80s.

Both these groups (those who advocate the replacement of fractional-reserve banking with debt-free government-issued fiat, and those who support the issuance of repayable interest-free credit from a government-owned central bank) see the provision of interest-free money as a way of freeing the working populace from the bonds of "debt slavery" and facilitating a transformation of the economy away from environmentally damaging consumerism and towards sustainable economic policies and environment-friendly business practices.

Examples of government issued debt-free money

Some governments have experimented in the past with debt-free government-created money independent of a bank. The American Colonies used the "Colonial Scrip" system prior to the Revolution, much to the praise of Benjamin Franklin. He believed it was the efforts of English bankers to revoke this government-issued money that caused the Revolution.[25] Abraham Lincoln used interest-free money created by the government to help the Union win the American Civil War.[26] He called these 'Greenbacks' "the greatest blessing the people of this republic ever had."[27][28]

Local barter, local currency

Some go further and suggest that wholesale reform of money and currency, based on ideas from green economics or Natural Capitalism, would be beneficial. These include the ideas of soft currency, barter and the local service economy.

Local currency systems can operate within small communities, outside of government systems, and use specially printed notes or tokens called scrips for exchange. Barter takes this further by swapping goods and services directly; a compromise being the Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) scheme: a formalised system of community-based economics that records members' mutual credit in a central location.

Commodity money

Some proponents of monetary reform desire a move away from fiat money towards a hard currency or asset-backed currency, which is often argued to be an antidote to inflation. This may involve using commodity money such as money backed by the gold, silver or both, commodities which supporters argue possess unique properties: their extraordinary malleability, their strong resistance to forgery, their character as stable and impervious to decay, and their inherently limited supply.[29]

Digital means are also now possible to allow trading in hard currencies such as gold, and some believe a new free market will emerge in money production and distribution, as the internet allows renewed decentralisation and competition in this area, eroding the central government's and bankers' old monopoly control of the means of exchange.[30][31]

Free Banking

Some monetary reformers favour permitting competing banks to issue private banknotes whilst also eliminating the central bank's role lender of last resort. In the absence of these factors, they believe a gold standard or silver standard would arise spontaneously out of the free market.

See also

References

  1. ↑ For an example of the use of the term, see this contribution from Bilderberg.org
  2. ↑ Sound Money, Lew Rockwell
  3. ↑ Our Money Madness, Lew Rockwell
  4. ↑ The Case for a Gold Dollar, Murray Rothbard
  5. 1 2 Brown, Ellen H. (2007). Web of Debt. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Third Millennium Press. ISBN 0-9795608-0-2. Retrieved 2007-12-15.
  6. ↑ Stephen A. Zarlenga, The Lost Science of Money AMI (2002)
  7. ↑ Market Fundamentalism, Richard C. Cook
  8. ↑ As an example of such groups, see the Social Credit website and the Social Credit School of Studies
  9. 1 2 3 Rowbotham, Michael (1998). The Grip of Death: A Study of Modern Money, Debt Slavery and Destructive Economics. Jon Carpenter Publishing. ISBN 978-1-897766-40-8.
  10. ↑ What has Government done to our money?, Murray Rothbard
  11. ↑ The Case for a 100% Gold Dollar, Murray Rothbard
  12. ↑ Free Banking and the Free Bankers, Jörg Guido Hülsmann, Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics (Vol. 9, No. 1)
  13. 1 2 Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). Macroeconomics (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 489. ISBN 0-7167-5237-9.
  14. ↑ Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). Macroeconomics (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 487. ISBN 0-7167-5237-9.
  15. ↑ Murray Rothbard, The Mystery of Banking
  16. ↑ For an example of the public criticism of the current monetary system, see the speech of the Earl of Caithness in the House of Lords on 5 March 1997
  17. ↑ As an example of groups critical of the World Bank, see the "Whirled Bank" website
  18. ↑ Manipulating the Interest Rate: a Recipe for Disaster, by Thorsten Polliet, December 2007
  19. ↑ Moral Hazard Effects of Central Bank Intervention, by Nouriel Roubini
  20. ↑ Uses and Abuses of Gresham's Law, by Robert Mundell
  21. ↑ The Role of Money, James Robertson
  22. ↑ The Road to Hyperinflation, Henry C.K. Liu
  23. ↑ As an example of such groups, see the Sustainable Economics website
  24. ↑ Gertrude Coogan’s Bluff, Greenback Populism as Conservative Economics
  25. ↑ America Created its Own Money in 1750, by Congressman Charles G. Binderup
  26. ↑ The Forgotten War
  27. ↑ Source of quote discussed here
  28. ↑ Quoted in the Michael Journal here
  29. ↑ Theory of Money and Credit, Ludwig von Mises
  30. ↑ Not Losing Your Head, Speech by Lew Rockwell
  31. ↑ Free Market Money System by F.A. Hayek

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