Morning Has Broken

"Morning Has Broken" is a popular and well-known Christian hymn first published in 1931. It has words by English author Eleanor Farjeon and is set to a traditional Scottish Gaelic tune known as "Bunessan" (it shares this tune with the 19th century Christmas Carol "Child in the Manger"^[1]). It is often sung in children's services. English pop musician and folk singer Cat Stevens included a version on his 1971 album Teaser and the Firecat. The song became identified with Stevens when it reached number six on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, number one on the U.S. easy listening chart in 1972,^[2] and number four on the Canadian RPM Magazine charts.

Origins

The hymn originally appeared in the second edition of Songs of Praise (published in 1931), to the tune "Bunessan", composed in the Scottish Islands. In Songs of Praise Discussed, the editor, Percy Dearmer, explains that as there was need for a hymn to give thanks for each day, English poet and children's author Eleanor Farjeon had been "asked to make a poem to fit the lovely Scottish tune". A slight variation on the original hymn, also written by Eleanor Farjeon, can be found in the form of a poem contributed to the anthology Children's Bells, under Farjeon's new title, "A Morning Song (For the First Day of Spring)", published by Oxford University Press in 1957. The song is noted in 9/4 time but with a 3/4 feel.

"Bunessan" had been found in L. McBean's Songs and Hymns of the Gael, published in 1900.^[3] Before Farjeon's words, the tune was used as a Christmas carol, which began "Child in the manger, Infant of Mary", translated from the Scottish Gaelic lyrics written by Mary MacDonald. The English-language Roman Catholic hymnal also uses the tune for the James Quinn hymns "Christ Be Beside Me" and "This Day God Gives Me", both of which were adapted from the traditional Irish hymn St. Patrick's Breastplate. Another Christian hymn "Baptized In Water" borrows the tune.

Cat Stevens recording

"Morning Has Broken"
Single by Cat Stevens
from the album Teaser and the Firecat
Released	1972
Format	7"
Recorded	1971
Genre	Soft rock, gospel
Length	3:20
Label	Island
Writer(s)	Lyrics: Eleanor Farjeon Music: Bunessan (traditional) Additional music: Rick Wakeman
Producer(s)	Paul Samwell-Smith
Cat Stevens singles chronology
"Peace Train" (1971) "Morning Has Broken" (1972) "Can't Keep It In" (1972)

Writing credit for "Morning Has Broken" has occasionally been erroneously attributed to Cat Stevens,^[4] who popularised the song abroad. The familiar piano arrangement on Stevens' recording was composed and performed by Rick Wakeman, a classically trained keyboardist best known for his tenure in the English progressive rock band Yes.

When shaping "Morning Has Broken" for recording, Stevens had to start with a hymn which took around 45 seconds to sing in its basic form. Producer Paul Samwell-Smith told him he could never put something like that on an album, and that it needed to be at least three minutes, although an acoustic demo exists of Stevens playing an early version which lasts almost three minutes.^[5] Prior to the actual recording Stevens heard Wakeman play something in the recording booth. It was a rough sketch of what would later become " Catherine Howard". Stevens told Wakeman that he liked it and wanted something similar as the opening section, the closing section and, if possible, a middle section as well. Wakeman told Stevens he could not as it was his piece destined for a solo album, but Stevens persuaded him to adapt his composition.^[6] The familiar piano intro and general structure of the piece may be attributed to Stevens or to Wakeman.

In 2000, Wakeman released an instrumental version of "Morning Has Broken" on an album of the same title. That same year he gave an interview on BBC Radio 5 Live in which he said he had agreed to perform on the Cat Stevens track for £10 and was "shattered" to be omitted from the credits, adding that he never received the money either.

On his return to performance as Yusuf Islam, Stevens made a payment to Wakeman and apologized for the original non-payment, which arose from confusion and a misunderstanding on the record label's part. On a documentary aired on British television Wakeman stated that he felt Stevens's version of "Morning Has Broken" was a very beautiful piece of music that had brought people closer to religious truth. He expressed satisfaction in having contributed to this.^[7]

The song is played in the keys of C major (first, second, and fourth verse) and D major (instrumental introduction, third verse, and instrumental ending)

Other versions

Although some sources report that the song was released on Floyd Cramer's 1961 album Last Date, discographies of the artist demonstrate that the song is not on that album. In fact, Cramer did not record the song until 1972, when he used the arrangement that he attributed to Cat Stevens.^[8]

The song has been recorded by numerous other artists, including Steven Curtis Chapman, Judy Collins, Michael Card, Floyd Cramer, Dana, Neil Diamond, Órla Fallon, Art Garfunkel, Ellen Greene, Esther Ofarim, Daliah Lavi, Joe Longthorne, Jojje Wadenius & Anni-Frid Lyngstad (2010),^[9] the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, Nana Mouskouri, Aaron Neville, Kenny Rogers and the First Edition, Joseph McManners, Sister Janet Mead, Mary O'Hara, Demis Roussos, Third Day, Pam Tillis, Hayley Westenra, Roger Whittaker, 2nd Chapter of Acts, Libera (choir),^[10] Richard Souther and Dana Winner.

In November 2008, the Teaser and the Firecat album was re-issued in a deluxe CD version which includes the original demo of "Morning Has Broken".

More recently "Morning Has Broken" was used in a television advertisement for London's Great Ormond Street Hospital.

See also

• List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1972 (U.S.)

References

External links

• Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics (contains errors)