Mornington Peninsula

This article is about the geographical landform. For the locality, see Shire of Mornington Peninsula. For the wine region, see Mornington Peninsula (wine).
Map of Mornington Peninsula

The Mornington Peninsula is a peninsula located south-east of Melbourne, Australia. It is surrounded by Port Phillip to the west, Western Port to the east and Bass Strait to the south, and is connected to the mainland in the north. Geographically, the peninsula begins its protrusion from the mainland in the area between Pearcedale and Frankston. The area was originally home to the Mayone-bulluk and Boonwurrung-Balluk clans and formed part of the Boonwurrung nation's territory prior to European settlement.

Much of the peninsula has been cleared for agriculture and settlements. However, small areas of the native ecology remain in the peninsula's south and west, some of which is protected by the Mornington Peninsula National Park. In 2002, around 180,000 people lived on the peninsula and in nearby areas, most in the small towns on its western shorelines which are sometimes regarded as outlying suburbs of greater Melbourne; there is a seasonal population of around 270,000.[1]

The peninsula is primarily a local tourist region, with popular natural attractions such as the variety of beaches both sheltered and open-sea and many scenic sights and views. Other popular attractions include the various wineries, mazes and the diverse array of water sports made available by the diversity of beaches and calm waters of Port Phillip and Western Port. Most visitors to the peninsula are residents of Melbourne who camp, rent villas and share houses or stay in private beach houses.

History

The peninsula was formed by the flooding of Port Phillip Bay after the end of the Ice Age about 10000 BC.[2] It may have extended into Port Phillip at various times, most recently between 800 BC and 1000 AD when Port Phillip Bay may have dried out.[3]

Military ruins on Point Nepean

Indigenous Australians of the Mayone-bulluk and Boonwurrung-Balluk clans lived on the peninsula as part of the Boonwurrung People's territory prior to European settlement.[4] The territory hosted six clans who lived along the Victorian coast from the Werribee River across to Western Port Bay and Wilsons Promontory. The peninsula may have been home to between 100 – 500 people prior to European settlement.

The first European settlement on the Mornington Peninsula was also the first settlement in Victoria, situated in what is now Sorrento. The Sullivan's Bay settlement was a short-lived penal colony established in 1803, 30 years before the establishment of Melbourne, by Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins (1753-1810).[5]

At the time of European settlement in 1803[6] much of the Mornington Peninsula was covered with she-oak forests. These were quickly cleared to provide firewood for the growing city of Melbourne, and much of the peninsula was then covered with fruit orchards. Nevertheless, much natural vegetation still exists, especially in an area of bushland in the south known as Greens Bush, and the coastal fringe bordering Bass Strait and Western Port Bay. Most large areas of bushland are now included within the Mornington Peninsula National Park.

As serious farming has declined, hobby farmers with an interest in the aesthetic and the natural environment have taken over much of the peninsula. This has led to an expansion of natural bushland on private property, and many native species, such as koalas, are becoming increasingly common. The local council also has a slight lean towards sustainable practices.

Harold Holt disappearance

On 17 December 1967, Prime Minister Harold Holt went swimming at Cheviot Beach on what is now Point Nepean National Park. At the time this was still a restricted area. Mr. Holt, who was 59 and had had a recent shoulder injury, plunged into the surf. He disappeared from view and was never seen again. Despite an extensive search his body was never found. He was officially presumed dead on 19 December 1967.

Geography

A beach on the Mornington Peninsula

The peninsula extends from the mainland between Pearcedale and Frankston in a south-westerly direction for about 40 km (25 mi) at a width of about 15–20 kilometres (9.3–12.4 mi). It then begins to extend roughly 15 km (9.3 mi) in a west/north-westerly direction and tapers down to a width of about 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) before terminating at Point Nepean. Much of the topography is flat in the north where it connects to the mainland, however moving south-west, it soon becomes hilly, culminating in the central hilly landscapes of Boneo, Main Ridge, Red Hill, Tuerong and Moorooduc. The highest point, Arthurs Seat, located unusually close to the shoreline, stands at 305 metres (1,001 ft) above sea level. The peninsula hosts around 190 km (120 mi) of coastline.

Its eastern shorelines meet many mangroves and mudflats in the waters of Western Port before it tapers down to form Crib Point, Stony Point and Sandy Point at the peninsula's most south-easterly point. In the south-east between Sandy Point and West Head, the mudflats give way to sandy beaches which in turn become more and more rocky further south. In the south the peninsula meets Bass Strait and the coastline becomes very rocky between West Head and Cape Schanck. The coast between Cape Schanck and Point Nepean consists of a long slow curvature of open-sea surf beaches, many too dangerous to swim in. Its western shorelines form various headlands and bays in the sheltered waters of Port Phillip, hosting many shallow safe beaches.

The western coastline facing Port Phillip starts at the narrow bay entrance, The Heads or The Rip, and proceeds as a series of gently curved bays defined by small rocky outcrops.

From an oceanic perspective, the Mornington Peninsula, together with the Bellarine Peninsula, separate the waters of Port Phillip from Bass Strait, except for a small gap known as The Rip, which also separates both peninsulas. The peninsula also separates the waters of Port Phillip and Western Port.

The Mornington Peninsula is crossed by many seismically active fault lines, monoclines, synclines and anticlines; the largest of which is the 100 km long Selwyn Fault which is capable of producing earthquakes of around 7.5 magnitude. The Peninsula experiences many minor earthquakes every year, but most are too small to be felt. The last strong earthquake to rock the Peninsula had a magnitude of 5.0 and occurred on 7 July 1971 at 7:55am AEST with its epicentre off Flinders, along the southern end of the Tyabb Fault.

Political geography

The Mornington Peninsula is located over 40 km south-east of Melbourne. As of 2006 it has a population of 136,482 which can swell up to 250,000 during the summer months. The governing body, the Shire of Mornington Peninsula occupies the entire peninsula and is generally considered to be a good approximation of where the peninsula joins the mainland.

Mountains and hills

Bushranger's bay, taken from Cape Shanck

Shipwrecks

Point Nepean military installations

Main article: Fort Nepean

Environment

Cleared land for agriculture to the extremities of the coastline

Parklands

The peninsula is one of four biosphere reserves in Victoria, the other three being national parks, and the only one with a resident population that reaches some 250,000 people during the peak tourist season. Some of the major parklands on the peninsula include:

Environmental Issues

Gunnamatta Sewage Outlet

A sewerage outlet near Boag Rock, a couple of kilometres up the coast from Gunnamatta Surf Beach, pumps treated sewerage into the ocean which finds its way to swimmers and surfers at Gunnamatta during particular tidal conditions. More than 40 species of birds, 8 species of mammals including sperm whales, 2 species of invertebrates, and one species of fish became local extinct.[7]

Elephant Rock, part of the Mornington Peninsula National Park

Agriculture

Pearce Barracks in 1946, with Fort Nepean in the background. (Australian War Memorial)
Morning Peninsula vineyard

The Mornington Peninsula is a notable wine region, producing small quantities of high quality wine from around 60 wineries. While most varieties are grown, the cool, maritime climate of the Peninsula is particularly noted for pinot noir.[8] Many wineries are open for public tastings and several have quality restaurants.

Apples were the staple product of the Peninsula for several generations, with whole trainloads being dispatched to the city and ports. The number of orchards has been dramatically reduced, however there are many other producers on the Peninsula, specialising in berries, cherries, and other fruits, as well as market gardens. There is increased interest in organic production, and there are even organic beef producers.

The Peninsula not only produces fresh products, with small-scale manufacturers of niche products as diverse as cheese, chocolate, chutney, jam, and olive oil. Local produce is also to be found at markets held around the Peninsula, such as the monthly market at Red Hill. A local organisation, Mornington Peninsula Gourmet, has been set up to support the many small producers on the Peninsula.

Transport

The peninsula is serviced predominantly by a network of roads. Public transport is limited to a bus service which services urban areas on the western shorelines and a train service for the eastern areas of the peninsula. The following methods of transport are available to access various regions of the peninsula:

Tourism

The peninsula in relation to central Victoria (Central Melbourne shown in grey).

The Mornington Peninsula has a long history of being a favourite holiday destination for residents of Melbourne. Popular tourism times are; long weekends such as Cup Weekend and Queens Birthday, the week involving Christmas, Boxing Day and New Years, with the months of December and January being the peak tourist period. Most visitors to the peninsula are local to central Victoria.

Accommodation

Wealthier visitors to the peninsula usually own beach houses on large properties or with extensive views or beach access and as a result, there are very few established commercial hotels. There are however, many smaller motels priced to suit families and middle income earners. Large shared beach houses are also popular, although perhaps the most popular form of accommodation lie in the many caravan parks and camping grounds where many visitors own or rent on-site caravans and annexes or camp in tents. Camping is particularly popular on foreshore reserves where camping is permitted. Some visitors continuously book particular sites and many camping grounds have been camped on by the same family for 2 or 3 generations. For the unestablished tourist, these camping grounds must be booked anywhere from 1 to 5 years in advance for foreshore sites, while further inland sites are more easily available with at most a 3 to 6-month wait. It is estimated that around 30–40% of the houses on the peninsula are not owned by permanent residents reflecting the popularity of owned beach houses. Most of these 'beach houses' are owned by residents of Melbourne.

Golf Courses

Other notable attractions

A view of Rosebud and Capel Sound from Murray's Lookout (247m) on Arthurs Seat.

In addition to the national parks and golf courses, other notable tourist attractions include:

Recreation

A rocky beach on the Mornington Peninsula

Some popular activities on the peninsula include:

Annual events

Rosebud KiteFest - Held annually in March on the shores of Port Phillip Bay, the Kite Fest draws thousands of visitors and is one of Rosebud's premier events. Hundreds of colourful kites fly up to 100 metres in the air, along an area of foreshore between Jetty Road and Rosebud Parade. The Kite Festival also showcases community groups, schools and emergency services. The festival also features roving and stage-based entertainment.

Rosebud RadioFest - Traditionally staged on or about the last weekend in November, RadioFest celebrates the ever-evolving international hobby of Amateur Radio, highlighting its' enormous impact on technological developments in the field of telecommunications. Southern Peninsula Amateur Radio Club (SPARC) hosts RadioFest, in the large auditorium and grounds of Eastbourne Primary School.[9]

Summer Tourist Pilgrimage - Rosebud is the seaside campers' destination of choice for Christmas away from home. Usually in the last week before Christmas, thousands of visitors pour into Rosebud, where they establish elaborate campsites on foreshore reserves between Anthony's Nose in the East down to Trueman's Road in the West.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Mornington Peninsula and Western Port Biosphere Reserve Stage 1 Nomination" (PDF). UNESCO. 2002. p. 8. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Bowler, J.M. "Port Phillip Survey 1957–1963: The Geology & Geomorphology" (PDF). MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA MELBOURNE, No. 27 Issued, 1966. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  3. ↑ Gary, Stuart. "Port Phillip Bay once high and dry". news in Science. Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  4. ↑ "Boonwurrung Information". Buluk Arts. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  5. ↑ Victoria, c=au; o=State Government of Victoria; ou=Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development ; ou=Tourism. "Collins Settlement Historic Site, Attraction, Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia". Tourism Victoria home. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
  6. ↑ https://nepeanhistoricalsociety.asn.au/history/first-settlement-1803/
  7. ↑ Bester L., ed. (2015). "Mornington Peninsula Biodiversity: Survey and Research Highlights" (pdf). Caulton S. et al. The Shire of Mornington Peninsula. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
  8. ↑ "Wineries, Food and wine, Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia". Visitvictoria.com. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  9. ↑ "The Rosebud Radio Fest". The Rosebud Radio Fest. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
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Coordinates: 38°21′04″S 145°03′50″E / 38.351°S 145.064°E / -38.351; 145.064

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