Muhlenbergia rigens

Muhlenbergia rigens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Muhlenbergia
Species: M. rigens
Binomial name
Muhlenbergia rigens
(Benth.) Hitchc.

Muhlenbergia rigens, commonly known as Deergrass, is a warm season perennial bunchgrass found in sandy or well drained soils below 7,000 feet (2,100 m) in elevation in the Southwestern United States and parts of Mexico.

Description

The plant Muhlenbergia rigens is characterized by dense, tufted basal foliage consisting of narrow pointed leaves that reach lengths of about 3 feet (0.91 m) and range in color from light silver-green to purple. The spikelike stems are less than half an inch wide and 3–4 feet (0.91–1.22 m) in length. During bloom, the numerous flowered panicles often reach heights of five feet and terminate in a single awnless floret with a 3-nerved lemma. Deergrass is characteristic of tallgrass prairie of much of the Western United States.

Distribution

The native range of the grass extends north into Shasta County, California, and south into New Mexico, Texas and Mexico. There it inhabits a wide range of ecotypes including grassland, riparian, chaparral, mixed conifer, and oak woodland communities. Deergrass can grow in areas with periodic flooding, but cannot tolerate standing water and poorly drained soils. It prefers full sun but is shade-tolerant.[1]

Uses

The young shoots are browsed by a variety of animals,[2] but with age the plant becomes unpalatable and is useful in an exposed garden setting for its deer resistance.[3] It has also been used for erosion prevention and streambank stabilization because of extensive root systems. Restoration efforts currently use deergrass to displace exotic invasive annuals that dominate current grassland ecosystems as well as remediate overtilled and eroded agricultural land where they anchor loose soils and return lost organic matter. Phytoremediative studies have also been conducted to test deergrass’s ability to remove chemicals from agricultural runoff. Deergrass’s dense stands and extensive roots act as a biofilter effective for herbicide, pesticide and particulate removal and breakdown.

Among the Zuni people. the grass is attached to the sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods.[4]

Cultivation and habitat restoration

Muhlenbergia rigens, Deergrass, can be established in late spring and early summer by broadcast seeding with irrigation. For best results, 50 seeds per square foot are planted then lightly incorporated just below the soil surface with a culti-packer. Establishment is most successful when steps are taken to mitigate weed growth. Burning, discing and reduced fertilization schemes to reduce the weed seed bank are recommended.

Container planting is a highly effective way of establishing Deergrass. The seed can be sown in flats in May and transplanted in the fall of the same year. In California, except in areas of heavy frost, Muhlenbegia rigens can be successfully planted out in winter and spring to take advantage of seasonal rainfall.[5] Stand preparation should be the same as when broadcast-seeded. During transplant, plants should be spaced with a minimum of two feet between them. After establishment little management is required. Irrigation is unnecessary in normal rainfall years and fertilization is not recommended as it may increase weed competition. Burning or mowing can be used every few years to reduce accumulated dead matter.

Because Muhlenbergia rigens uses C4 carbon fixation, it gains an advantage in conditions of drought and high temperature. This characteristic, along with its attractiveness, has gained the plant recent attention as an ornamental in xeriscapes in yards and parks. Studies have also demonstrated a high tolerance to salt suggesting possible irrigation using low quality reclaimed waste-water sources at very low cost.[6]

Wildlife

Muhlenbergia rigens is a cover for mule deer during fawning periods and studies have equated reduced deer populations with overgrazed deergrass stands in and near cattle pasture.[7] Young shoots and leaves are grazed by deer, horses and cattle. The tall grass is an overwintering host for many species of Lepidoptera and ladybug, which along with deergrass seed, provides food for many different bird species.

History

Deergrass was important to many Native American tribes who used its long seedstalks as the principal material in coiled baskets. Deergrass underwent an early form of cultivation by many California tribes who regularly burned areas to maintain stands of deergrass, and induce the production of long straight stalks for use in basketry. Each basket required over 3000 stalks, driving the need for cultivation[8] It is believed that much of deergrass’s current distribution is due to propagation by Native Americans.

References

  1. ↑ "Muhlenbergia rigens-Deer Grass_Habit and Cultural Information".
  2. ↑ "Muhlenbergia rigens: A Grass for All Seasons, All Reasons_Muhlenbergia rigens_UC".
  3. ↑ "Yerba Buena Nursery_California Native Plants & Ferns".
  4. ↑ Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p. 91)
  5. ↑ "Manual of California Native Plants_Las Pilitas Nursery".
  6. ↑ Hunter, KAM, Wu, L. (2005). Morphological and Physiological Response of Five Californian Native Grass Species to Moderate Salt Spray: Implications for Landscape Irrigation with Reclaimed Water. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 28 247-270
  7. ↑ Bowyer, RT. Bleich, VC. (1984). Effects of cattle grazing on selected habitats of southern mule deer. California Fish and Game. 70:4 240-247
  8. ↑ Jordan, TA. (2003). Ecological and Cultural Contributions of Controlled Fire Use by Native Californians: A Survey of Literature. American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 27:1 77-90.
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