Murong

Muren

Pronunciation Mùróng (Pinyin), Мөрөн (Mongolian)
Language(s) Mongolic Language
Origin
Language(s) Xianbei
Derivation name of the ancestor of the Muren tribe
Other names
Variant(s) Murong(Mandarin)

Murong[1] (Chinese: 慕容; pinyin: Mùróng) or Muren refers to an ethnic Xianbei tribe who are a Mongolic people attested from the time of Tanshihuai (reigned 156-181). Different strands of evidence exist linking the Murong to the Mongols. Murong is also a Chinese surname. The Former Yan (337-370), Western Yan (384-394), Later Yan (384-409) dynasties as well as Tuyuhun (285-670) were all founded by the Murong.

Origins

Painting of a Murong archer from an Xianbei tomb excavated in 1982 in Chaoyang, Liaoning.

The chieftain Murong was the first ancestor of the Murong tribe, which was named after him. He was a daren (chieftain noble) of the Middle Section during the rule of Tanshihuai (reigned 156-181). The Records of the Three Kingdoms records:

Tanshihuai of the Xianbei divided his territory into three sections: the eastern, the middle and the western. From the You Beiping to the Liao River, connecting the Fuyu and Mo to the east, it was the eastern section. There were more than twenty counties. The darens (chiefs) (of this section) were called Mijia, Queji, Suli and Huaitou. From the You Beiping to Shanggu to the west, it was the middle section. There were more than ten counties. The darens of this section were called Kezui, Queju, Murong, et al. From Shanggu to Dunhuang, connecting the Wusun to the west, it was the western section. There were more than twenty counties. The darens (of this section) were called Zhijian Luoluo, Rilü Tuiyan, Yanliyou, et al. These chiefs were all subordinate to Tanshihuai.[2]

The Xianbei state of Tanshihuai to which the Murong belonged fragmented following the fall of Budugen (187-234), who was the younger brother of Kuitoi (reigned 185-187). Kuitou was the nephew of Tanshihuai's incapable son and successor Helian (reigned 181-185). The Murong consequently broke off and submitted to the Cao Wei dynasty, settling in the Liaoxi area. The Murong ruler at this time was Murong Mohuba (莫护跋), a descendant of the chieftain Murong. Murong Mohuba actively supported Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign in 238, leading an auxiliary Murong force. Mohuba was succeeded in 246 by his son Muyan (木延) who also aided the Cao Wei campaign against the Goguryeo that same year.

Muyan’s son Shegui (涉歸), however, fought against the Jin dynasty (265–420), and was pushed back to the upper Liao River region. Shegui died in 283, and his younger brother Shan (刪) usurped the leadership. Murong Shan was killed in 285, and the people proclaimed Shegui’s son Murong Hui (廆 b.268 r.285-333) as their chieftain. Hui attacked the Buyeo kingdom in the very year he became the chieftain of the Murong tribe, capturing ten thousand prisoners. He launched an attack on the agricultural area of the Liao River basin in 286 that had been occupied by Han Chinese settlers after Emperor Wu of Han’s conquest of Gojoseon in 108 BCE.

Hui founded a new capital nearby the modern-day city of Chaoyang, Liaoning in 294. In 284, an internal feud developed between Murong Hui and his older brother, Tuyuhun, which folktales explained as being caused by a horse race but which was in fact caused by disputes over the position of Khan. As a result of the dispute, Murong Tuyuhun led his people and undertook a long westward journey passing through the Ordos Loop all the way to Qinghai Lake.

Some Murong members live in a town in Guangdong.[3][4] Zhaoqing is the area where they lived since they moved from north to south.[5][6] They practice no aspect of Xianbei culture or identity.[7][8] The move to southern China from the north is described in their genealogical records.[9][10] They are descended from Murong Bao.[11][12] They moved to southern China after the foundation of the Ming dynasty.[13][14]

Language

The Xianbei are generally considered speakers of Mongolic languages. Some tribes such as the Duan, Qifu and Tufa have not left sufficient evidence to prove that they, as sub-tribes, were in fact Mongolic, although most scholars assume that they were Mongolic based on some indications. There is no doubt, however, regarding the Khitan and Shiwei sub-tribes being Mongolic (in their case there is strong evidence). As far as the Murong are concerned, the evidence pointing in the Mongolic direction is relatively convincing.

The Dunhuang Documents, P. 1283 (in Tibetan) records a very important piece of information about the Khitan and Murong:

The language (of the Khitan) and that of the Tuyuhun could generally communicate with each other.[15]

The Khitan language is widely recognized as Mongolic. Mongolic, Turkic and Tungusic are mutually unintelligible, although they share significant vocabulary.

The title Khagan was first seen in a speech between 283 and 289, when the Xianbei chief Murong Tuyuhun (son of Murong Shegui by an illegitimate wife) tried to escape from his younger stepbrother Murong Hui, and began his route from Liaodong to the areas of Ordos Desert. One of Murong's generals called Yinalou addressed him as kehan (可寒, later 可汗), some sources suggests that Tuyuhun might also have used the title after settling at Koko Nor in the 3rd century.[16] Some suggest that the titles Khan and Khagan were originally Mongolic.

The Song of the Xianbei Brother is a popular song of the Xianbei people composed by Murong Hui in 285 AD. It is preserved in Chinese translation and is about the Xianbei chief's regrets for having sent his brother Tuyuhun away to the West. The original Chinese translation left the Xianbei word for elder brother (A-kan) in the title, which is identical to the Mongolic word for elder brother (Aqan or Aghan). The same word exists in Turkic and Tungusic languages, but the Xianbei are generally considered Mongolic peoples. This would make the song one of the earliest attestations of a Mongolic language.

The modern day minority of White Mongols or Monguor are regarded as the culturally and ethnically-distinct descendants of the Murong.[17]

Rulers

People

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Murong.

References

  1. ↑ The approximate pronunciation in English is /ˈmuː ˈroʊŋ/.
  2. ↑ SGZ 30. 837-838, note. 1.
  3. ↑ "慕容家族扎根广东 系鲜卑"皇亲国戚"". 中国网 china.com.cn. 2008-07-10.
  4. ↑ 南方网 (2004年08月09日18:13). "祖先600年前迁高要 一个村里3000多人姓慕容(组图)". NEWS.SOHU.COM 搜狐新闻. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ↑ "广东鲜卑人后裔慕容族祖祠供奉"包青天"". 中国新闻网. 2015年11月16日 19:17. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ 金羊网-- 羊城晚报 (2016-01-25 16:09:25). "一个村里３０００多人姓慕容". 寻根网. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ↑ 杨, 成, ed. (2004年11月02日15:45). "广东高要"游牧民族" 复姓慕容的鲜卑后裔". 人民网. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ↑ 羊城晚报 (2004-08-09 17:53:50). "祖先600年前迁高要 一个村里3000多人姓慕容". 南方网. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ↑ "廣東省高要市——高要市白土鎮幕村慕容家族". 中华容氏网. 2008年12月8日. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ↑ 羊城晚报 (2004年08月09日15:37). "一个村里3000多人姓慕容(组图)". NEWS.SOHU.COM. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ "广东鲜卑人后裔慕容族祖祠供奉"包青天"". 中国新闻网. 2015年11月16日19:34. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ↑ "广东高要慕容氏为鲜卑后裔". 朝阳市旅游网.
  13. ↑ 慕容氏宗亲网 (2012/2/15 15:08:10). "一个村里３０００多人姓慕容". 陈氏宗亲网>> 首页. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ↑ "据说高要白土有个慕容家族，皇帝后裔！是真的吗？". 《今日头条》你关心的,才是头条! - TouTiao.org. 2015-08-12 15:05. Archived from the original on 2015-08-12 15:05. Check date values in: |date=, |archive-date= (help)
  15. ↑ Wang, Yao & Chen, Jian 1983, p. 162.
  16. ↑ Zhou 1985, p. 3–6.
  17. ↑ Hu, Alex J.(2010) 'An overview of the history and culture of the Xianbei ('Monguor'/'Tu')', Asian Ethnicity, 11: 1, 95–164.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/14/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.