Tropicamide
 | |
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Mydriacyl |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| Pregnancy category |
|
| Routes of administration | topical eye drops |
| ATC code | S01FA06 (WHO) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | 45% |
| Identifiers | |
| |
| CAS Number |
1508-75-4  |
| PubChem (CID) | 5593 |
| IUPHAR/BPS | 7319 |
| DrugBank |
DB00809  |
| ChemSpider |
5391 |
| UNII |
N0A3Z5XTC6 |
| KEGG |
D00397 |
| ChEMBL |
CHEMBL1200604 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.014.673 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C17H20N2O2 |
| Molar mass | 284.353 g/mol |
| (what is this?) (verify) | |
Tropicamide (Mydriacyl) is an anticholinergic used as a mydriatic.[1]
Uses
Tropicamide is an antimuscarinic drug that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia[2] when applied as eye drops. It is used to allow better examination of the lens, vitreous humor, and retina. Due to its relatively short duration of effect (4–8 hours), it is typically used during eye examinations such as the dilated fundus examination, but it may also be used before or after eye surgery. Cycloplegic drops are often also used to treat anterior uveitis, decreasing risk of posterior synechiae and decreasing inflammation in the anterior chamber of the eye.
Tropicamide is occasionally administered in combination with p-hydroxyamphetamine (brand name Paremyd), which is a sympathomimetic. The use of the sympathomimetic drug causes the iris dilator muscle to be directly stimulated, causing increased dilation. In the United States, the sympathomimetic drop most commonly used along with tropicamide, is 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride (brand name AK-Dilate).
Side effects
Tropicamide induces transient stinging and a slight and transient rise in intraocular pressure in the majority of patients. It may cause redness or conjunctivitis (inflammation) and also blurs near vision for a short while after instillation (care must be taken, and the patient must only drive when vision returns to normal). Tropicamide may, in very rare cases , cause an attack of acute angle-closure glaucoma. This tends to be in patients with narrow anterior chamber angles, and closure risk must be assessed by the practitioner prior to instillation.
Tropicamide is often preferred to atropine because atropine has a longer half-life, causing prolonged dilation and blurry vision for up to a week. Atropine has less sting effect, but can be toxic or fatal if ingested in large quantities by children or adults.
Systemic side effects are very rare.
Illicit use
According to the researchers of the European Commission-funded ReDNet Project, in Russia tropicamide is currently abused (injected intravenously) as an inexpensive recreational deliriant drug.[3] It is usually mixed with heroin, methadone, and other opioid drugs to potentiate the "rush" when injected intravenously.[4]
References
- ↑ Makoto Ukai; Ami Okuda; Takayoshi Mamiya (2004). "Effects of anticholinergic drugs selective for muscarinic receptor subtypes on prepulse inhibition in mice". European Journal of Pharmacology. 492 (2–3): 183–187. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.066.
- ↑ Manny RE, Hussein M, Scheiman M, Kurtz D, Niemann K, Zinzer K (July 2001). "Tropicamide (1%): an effective cycloplegic agent for myopic children". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 42 (8): 1728–35. PMID 11431435.
- ↑ Bersani, F. S.; Corazza, O.; Simonato, P.; Mylokosta, A.; Levari, E.; Lovaste, R.; Schifano, F. (2013). "Drops of madness? Recreational misuse of tropicamide collyrium; early warning alerts from Russia and Italy". General Hospital Psychiatry. 35 (5): 571–3. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.013. PMID 23706777.
- ↑ Krokodil: The drug that eats junkies