High five

A high five between two U.S. Navy Sailors

NASA's Curiosity-rover team celebrate with high fives after the landing on Mars, August 2012. Full video.

The high five is a hand gesture that occurs when two people simultaneously raise one hand each, about head-high, and push, slide, or slap the flat of their palm against the flat palm of the other person. The gesture is often preceded verbally by a phrase like "Give me five" or "High five." Its meaning varies with the context of use but can include as a greeting, congratulations, or celebration.

There are many origin stories of the high five,^[1] but the two most documented candidates are Dusty Baker and Glenn Burke of the Los Angeles Dodgers professional baseball team on October 2, 1977, and Wiley Brown and Derek Smith of the Louisville Cardinals men's college basketball team during the 1978–1979 season.^[2]

Origin

The gesture probably originated in American professional sports. Picture of Drew Storen (right) and Wilson Ramos of the Washington Nationals (2011).

The use of the phrase as a noun has been part of the Oxford English Dictionary since 1980 and as a verb since 1981.^[3] The phrase is related to the slang "give me five" which is a request for some form of handshake – variations include "slap me five," "slip me five," "give me (some) skin" – with "five" referring to the number of fingers on a hand.^[4] The "high five" originated from the "low five," which has been a part of the African-American culture since at least World War II.^[2] It's probably impossible to know exactly when the low first transitioned to a high, but there are many theories about its inception.^[2] Magic Johnson once suggested that he invented the high five at Michigan State,^[2] presumably in the late '70s. Others have suggested it originated in the women's volleyball circuit of the 1960s.^[2]

Glenn Burke and Dusty Baker

For decades, the "conventional wisdom"^[2] has been that the first high five occurred between Dusty Baker and Glenn Burke of the Los Angeles Dodgers in Dodger Stadium on October 2, 1977, the last day of the regular season.^[2] In the sixth inning, Dusty Baker hit a home run off Houston Astros pitcher J.R. Richard. It was Baker's 30th home run, making the Dodgers the first team in history to have four hitters with at least 30 home runs each in a single season.^[5] As journalist Jon Mooallem tells the story:

It was a wild, triumphant moment and a good omen as the Dodgers headed to the playoffs. Burke, waiting on deck, thrust his hand enthusiastically over his head to greet his friend at the plate. Baker, not knowing what to do, smacked it. "His hand was up in the air, and he was arching way back," says Baker, "So I reached up and hit his hand. It seemed like the thing to do."^[2]

This story regarding the origin of the high five can be found in the written news as early as September 1982 and is featured in the ESPN 30 For 30 Film The High Five directed by Michael Jacobs.^[6] After retiring from baseball, Burke, who was one of the first openly gay professional athletes, used the high five with other gay residents of the Castro district of San Francisco, where for many it became a symbol of gay pride and identification.^[2]

Louisville Cardinals

Another origin story, first reported in 1980,^[7] places it at a University of Louisville Cardinals basketball practice during the 1978–79 season.^[2] Forward Wiley Brown went to give a plain old low five to his teammate Derek Smith, but suddenly Smith looked Brown in the eye and said, "No. Up high." Brown thought, "yeah, why are we staying down low? We jump so high," raised his hand and the high five was supposedly born.^[2] High fives can be seen in highlight reels of the 1978–79 Louisville team.^[2] During a telecast of a 1980 game, announcer Al McGuire shouted: "Mr. Brown came to play! And they're giving him the high-five handshake. High five!"^[2]

Conor Lastowka

Sometime after 2002, the Burke story was challenged by Lamont Sleets, who played basketball for Murray State University. He claimed to be the originator of the high five in the 1960s because his father's Vietnam buddies were called The Five and the young Sleets would jump up and slap their hands and say "Hi, Five!".^[2] However the Sleets story was a hoax, a publicity stunt concocted by the founders of the "National High Five Day" (est. 2002)^[8] – they needed a "founder" and so invented the story and plugged in Sleets' name.^[2] "We just found the guy [Sleets] and made up a story," said Conor Lastowka, a founder of National High Five Day and professional comedy writer.^[2]

Antecedents

Antecedents of the physical gesture of slapping palms together predate the 1970s,^[9][10] when the high five is believed to have been coined. For example, it can be seen in the 1960 French Nouvelle vague movie Breathless.^[11] These earlier cases were never called "high fives", however, because the term had not yet been coined and they lacked the cultural context and meaning surrounding the gesture that originated in the United States during the late 1970s and 1980s independent of usage elsewhere.^[2]

Conventional wisdom holds that the Tokyo district of Roppongi earned the slogan of "High Touch Town" after residents noticed WWII American GIs walking the streets giving each other high-fives; when the Japanese asked about the gesture it was mistranslated as hai tacchi or "high touch".^[12] This story is possibly apocryphal, as Hiroyuki Usui, a representative of the Roppongi Shopkeepers Promotion Association explains, "There is no deep meaning in 'High Touch Town'. People don't know what it means."^[13] The term 'high touch town' may have originated before the high five and had a different meaning, or 'high touch' may mean 'high class', a play on the town's reputation for nightlife activity among off-duty military personal.^[13]

Variations

In addition to the standard high five several other types of "five" exist.

The "low five" had already been known since at least the 1920s; written evidence can be found in Cab Calloway's 1938 Hepster's Dictionary.^[14] In the 1927 film The Jazz Singer, actor Al Jolson is seen performing the low five in celebration of the news of a Broadway audition. In African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) this was known as "giving skin" or "slapping skin".^[14] "Gimme Some Skin" was a term current in 1940s Hipster subculture and had crossed over to mainstream culture, as seen in the 1941 Abbott and Costello film In the Navy where the Andrews Sisters perform "Gimme Some Skin, My Friend" and choreograph giving (low) fives.^[15]

If one initiates a high five (or any variation thereof) by offering a hand(s), and no reciprocal hand appears to consummate the gesture, the initiator is said to have been "left hanging".^[16] This could be interpreted as an insult, friendly joke or form of enlightenment, depending on the context of its use.

Another variation is the "self high five". The action consists of raising one hand, generally the right hand, and tagging it with the other. It was often used by Diamond Dallas Page as part of his persona, such as in his WCW theme song "Self High Five".^[17] A variation of this variation was explored by Turkish artist Deniz Ozuygur who built a "Self High-five Machine", which was exhibited in New York City in 2010.^[18] It is a robotic arm that spins in circles striking another robotic arm, both of which are rubber casts of Ozuygur's own arms.^[18]

"Too slow"

The "too slow" variation is a sequence of high five and low five, often accompanied by a rhyme such as "Up High. Down Low..."^[19][20] then, during the down low sequence, the initiator will surprise the counter-party by pulling their hand back at the last moment, thus tricking the other person to swipe empty air, completing the rhyme "Too slow!".^[21] There are variations on this theme, with additions of "at the side" and other hand positions for the partner to contact the initiator's hand.^[22]

The origin of the too slow variation has not been established, but notable sources have made reference to it; for example the title song for Lay on Five, a BBC children's television programme broadcast in 1985–86 featuring Floella Benjamin, ended "..too slow to Lay on Five".^[23] The too slow variation is in the 1987 film The Principal in a scene where Principal Rick Latimer (James Belushi) does it to Arturo Diego (Jacob Vargas).^[24] In the New York Times archives, the earliest reference is from 1993^[19] when Arnold Schwarzenegger did it with the son of a film-crew member while on the set of Last Action Hero, saying: "Let's have five. Five high. Five low,"^[19] at which point Arnold pulled his hand away saying "Too slow." The boy reportedly laughed.^[19] Arnold did it originally in the 1991 film Terminator 2: Judgment Day, when John Connor (Edward Furlong) teaches the Terminator (Arnold Schwarzenegger) to "Gimme five. Up high, down low, too slow."^[25] In 2008, They Might Be Giants released the song "High Five!" on an album for children titled Here Come the 123s, with lyrics "High five! Low five! Slap me five! Down low! Too slow!", a gesture described in the song as "old school"^[26] a slang term usually meaning something from a prior generation.^[27] In the film Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014), the final scene involved two apes giving the "too slow" snub, a plot device which plunged the ape community into war presumably resolved in a sequel movie.^[28]

Air five

Two women engaging in an air five (With finger-gun).

An air five is a variation where the hands of the participants never actually touch, needing only line of sight to make the gesture.^[29] It has an advantage for participants who are otherwise too far apart to achieve physical contact at the moment of the gesture. The participants may simply pretend to high five, or add an imitation sound of hand slapping. Also known as the wi-five, a mix of "wireless" and "high five" with a pun on wi-fi, a wireless computer technology.^[30][31]

Celebrations

National High Five Day is a private initiative to give out high fives and is typically held on the third Thursday in April.^[32] According to the National High Five Project, the event began in 2002 at the University of Virginia after a group of students set up a booth and gave out high-fives and lemonade.^[33] In the last few years the National High Five Project began holding events where participants take part in a "high-five-a-thon" to raise funds for charity.^[34][35]

Human health

A medical study has found that fist bumps and high fives spread fewer germs than handshakes.^[36][37]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to High five.

• Gura, David (July 31, 2014). "Meet the Baseball Player Who Invented the High Five". Marketplace. American Public Media. Retrieved May 24, 2015. 
• 30 for 30: The High Five, ESPN Films, directed by Michael Jacobs