Occupational heat stress

Occupational heat stress occurs when a person is exerting a large amount of energy in an environment with a high temperature.[1] Heat stress is an early stage of hyperthermia, which is when the body's temperature rises above normal level and remains raised. Hyperthermia causes serious illness and injury and needs emergency treatment, while heat stress is less severe.[2]

Heat stress causes illness but also may account for an increase in workplace accidents, and a decrease in worker productivity.[3] In the U.S., occupational heat stress in becoming more significant as the average temperatures increase but remains overlooked. There are few studies and regulations regarding heat exposure of workers.[4]

Risk factors

Occupational heat stress has several risk factors. Some of these factors include high temperatures, humidity, radiant heat, metabolic heat from exertion of energy, and more.[4]

Construction Worker

Examples of high risk occupations

There are many occupations that have a risk of heat stress. Some of the higher risk occupations include firefighter, miner, military personnel,[3] construction worker, landscaper, and agricultural worker[5]

Symptoms of heat stress

The main symptoms of heat stress are perspiration, increased heart rate, and dehydration.[6] Other general symptoms, include, painful muscle cramps, extreme weakness, nausea, dizziness, headache, breathing fast and clammy, pale, cool, and/or moist skin. [7]

Prevention

Drinking water, taking rest under shade; are the best ways to prevent heat illness. Employers can establish prevention programs, which focus on having protocols to gradually increases workloads and concede on allowing on more breaks for new hired workers. [8]

Occupational standards

International

International Organization for Standardization helps set standards for monitoring environments, analyzing data, and interpreting results.[9]

United States

Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 declares that "Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees."[4][10]

The Mine Safety and Health Administration provides guidelines and recommendations to employers for preventing heat stress among workers. There guidelines and recommendations are not enforced regulations, but instead completely voluntary.[4][11]

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research on occupational hazards such as heat stress in order to provide better intervention methods and protect workers.[12]

Only three of the fifty states have created worker regulations regarding heat: California, Washington, and Minnesota.[4] California Code of Regulations states that employers of high risk outdoor workers are entitled to protection against heat. The employer must provide access to water and shade, practice high heat procedures, practice emergency response procedures, and practice acclimatization methods.[4][5] Washington State Legislature states that employers of high risk outdoor workers follow regulations to prevent heat stress.[4] Minnesota Administrative Rules state that indoor ventilation and temperature are regulated to prevent heat stress.[4]

"Protect Your Workers From Heat Stress", CDC

In 1972 NIOSH published recommended standards of hot work environments, which has been periodically revised to take new scientific findings into account.[13] There have been updates in information on risk factors that affect heat-related illness, physiological responses, and protective clothing.[13] Standards are recommended for hot workplaces in order to prevent injury, disease, death, and reduced productivity.[13] The recommendations include workplace limits and surveillance, medical monitoring, surveillance of heat-related sentinel health events, posting of hazardous areas, protective clothing and equipment, worker information and training, control of heat stress, and record keeping.[13]

Control of heat stress

Control of heat stress has recommended general requirements, engineering controls, work and hygienic practices, and a heat alert program.[13]

General Requirements

NIOSH recommends that every employer should create and implement a written program aimed at reducing heat exposures. Engineering and work practice controls should be used to reduce exposures, and a heat alert program should be implemented.[13]

Engineering Controls

Air temperatures should be reduced so it does not exceed skin temperatures. Radiant heat should be reduced by creating barriers around the source. Evaporative heat loss can be increased by increasing air movement around the worker.[13]

Work and Hygienic Practices

The time workers spend in hot environments should be limited, with an increase of recovery time spent in cool environments. Use of more efficient procedures and tools is beneficial to reducing metabolic demands of the job. Heat tolerance may be increased by implementing a heat tolerance plan and increasing physical fitness. Employees should be trained to recognize and treat the early signs and symptoms of heat illnesses, and employers should provide cool water for employees.[13]

Heat Alert Program

Heat alert programs should be developed for implementation when hotter than normal temperatures, or a heat wave occurs.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Work strain & heat stress". www.ishn.com. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  2. ↑ "CDC - Heat Stress - Heat Related Illness - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  3. 1 2 Lucas, Rebekah A I; Epstein, Yoram; Kjellstrom, Tord (2014-07-23). "Excessive occupational heat exposure: a significant ergonomic challenge and health risk for current and future workers". Extreme Physiology & Medicine. 3 (1). doi:10.1186/2046-7648-3-14. PMC 4107471Freely accessible. PMID 25057350.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gubernot, Diane M.; Anderson, G. Brooke; Hunting, Katherine L. (2013-12-11). "The epidemiology of occupational heat exposure in the United States: a review of the literature and assessment of research needs in a changing climate". International Journal of Biometeorology. 58 (8): 1779–1788. doi:10.1007/s00484-013-0752-x. ISSN 0020-7128. PMC 4145032Freely accessible. PMID 24326903.
  5. 1 2 "California Code of Regulations, Title 8,section 3395 Heat Illness Prevention.". www.dir.ca.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  6. ↑ Aastrand, Irma (1975). "Heat Stress in Occupational Work". Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and Springer.
  7. ↑ "Heat Illness Prevention - Title 8 Section 3395". www.dir.ca.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  8. ↑ "OSHA's Campaign to Prevent Heat Illness in Outdoor Workers". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  9. ↑ Parsons, Ken (2013-01-01). "Occupational Health Impacts of Climate Change: Current and Future ISO Standards for the Assessment of Heat Stress". Industrial Health. 51 (1): 86–100. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2012-0165.
  10. ↑ "OSHA Content Document". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  11. ↑ "Heat Stress - Safety Manual Number 6". arlweb.msha.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  12. ↑ "CDC - Heat Stress - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "CDC - Occupational Exposure to Heat and Hot Environments - NIOSH Publications & Products". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
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