Old Webster Meeting House
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Old Webster Meeting House | |
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| Location | Off NH 127 on Battle St., Webster, New Hampshire |
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| Coordinates | 43°19′47″N 71°43′3″W / 43.32972°N 71.71750°WCoordinates: 43°19′47″N 71°43′3″W / 43.32972°N 71.71750°W |
| Area | 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) |
| Built | 1791 |
| NRHP Reference # | 85000479[1] |
| Added to NRHP | March 7, 1985 |
The Old Webster Meeting House is an historic meeting house on Battle Street in Webster, New Hampshire. Built in 1791, and altered in the 1840s, the meeting house is one of a small number of meeting houses to survive in northern New England. The building was moved from its original site in 1942 to make way for a flood control project and was given modern footings for the granite foundation in 1979. The building, owned by the Society for the Preservation of the Old Meeting House, now serves as a local museum.[2]
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.[1]
History
The Old Webster Meeting House was originally named the Westerly Meeting House. This building in Webster, New Hampshire, is one of a small group of eighteenth century meeting houses in northern New England that essentially retain their original form. Despite some alterations, the building remains the only well-preserved example of its type in the upper Merrimack Valley of New Hampshire. Built by local craftsmen according to a regional architectural tradition, the building was altered in the nineteenth century in keeping with new local traditions. Today it is a museum which preserves a record of the evolution of meeting house architecture in central New Hampshire.
The Westerly Meeting House is the only such structure remaining in the upper Merrimack Valley of New Hampshire which essentially retains its original exterior appearance as well as many of its original interior features. While the building was once one of a large group of comparable structures built in the region through the eighteenth century, all of its prototypes and contemporaries have been destroyed or so remodeled as to be no longer recognizable. The companion meeting house built in the eastern part of Boscawen in 1769, for example, was burned in 1798. The structure that replaced this eastern meeting house, constructed in 1799, was remodeled to the form of a typical Greek Revival church in 1839, with additional remodelings at later dates. Another meeting house in nearby Pembroke was converted to a barn and so remains today. That on Searles Hill in neighboring Salisbury, six miles distant, was built in 1768 and dismantled about 1790. Another at Canterbury, adjoining Boscawen on the east, was converted to a dwelling.
The Westerly Meeting House was constructed in 1791 after the inhabitants of the westerly part of the town of Boscawen, N.H., complaining that many of them had to travel five miles or more to the town's only meeting house, petitioned to be set off as a separate township. Although this division did not take place until many years later (creating the present town of Webster), the inhabitants of Boscawen voted in 1791 to erect a second meeting house for the convenience of the inhabitants in the westerly part of the township.
In so doing, the people of Boscawen followed local architectural tradition, making the new building a virtual twin of the earlier Boscawen meeting house, built in the easterly part of the township in 1769. The building was also part of a larger regional tradition. It was one of some seventy known examples of meeting houses built between 1772 and 1804 that had end "porches” or stair-towers providing access to the galleries. By far the greater number of these twin-porch meeting houses were in southern New Hampshire, where they constituted a dominant architectural tradition. The Westerly Meeting House was built by native joiner and carpenter Samuel Jackman (1749–1845), who would have been familiar with both the regional tradition and the specific prototype in the eastern part of Boscawen.[2]
Raising the Meeting-House
The raising of a meeting-house was a great event, and people came from the surrounding towns to aid in the work. They came early in the morning, with pike-poles and pitch-forks and iron bars,—pike-poles and pitch-forks to lift with when the “broadside “should be well up in the air, and iron bars to hold against the foot of the posts to slide them into the mortises of the sills. On such an occasion there was plenty of rum. The first thing to be done was to take a drink, to give strength for the labor of the day. Then came the bringing together of the timbers. The sills were already laid and levelled. First the posts, then the girts and levers, and lastly the plates.
It had been framed by the “scribe” rule—each piece being fitted to its place. The "square” rule was then unknown to country carpenters. The broadside was then pinned together. Then came the drinking of more rum, and the marshaling of the crowd,— the cool-headed men hold of the iron bars, the strong and experienced men in places of responsibilities. When all were ready, the master workman, standing in rear where he could see all that was going on, commanded silence.
We hear him say,— "Are you ready all ?“
"Aye! aye!”
"Take hold all!”
The men bend, and place their shoulders beneath the posts. A swarm take hold of the plate, another hold of the girts. The men at the iron bars spit on their hands:
“Now, then!”
The frame rises.
"Heave away, my hearties!”
It is up to their shoulders.
"Now she rises!"
Those by the plates seize their pike-poles and pitch-forks. At each corner and in the middle are “shores,”with a crowd of men and boys lifting on each.
“Heigh O! my hearties !”
They lift with all their might, and grow red in the face. The pike-poles bend, the handles of the pitch-forks are ready to snap.
“Steady there!”
Now comes the tug of war at the foot of the posts. The iron-bar men are bracing with all their might.
“Heave-ho!” from the master.
“Now she goes!” from the men.
Higher, still higher, up to the perpendicular. The tenons slide into the mortises in the sills, the “shore” men hold back on the poles, and the first broadside of the house of God stands in its appointed place. The men wipe their brows, and take another drink of rum. There is a congratulatory dram all around, in preparation for the opposite broadside. That, too, rises. Then come the connecting girts and plates, and then the lifting of the beams for the galleries, and the high beams, the putting up of sleepers, planks and boards, rafters and purlins, and, last of all, the ridgepole. When the last is in its place, a crowd of men sit astride it, take full drams from the bottles of rum passed up to them, and then dash the bottles to the ground. This last is the dedicatory dram.
Such the scene on that day. So complete were the arrangements, so excellent the workmanship of Samuel Jackman, so numerous the men, so early at work in the morning were they, that the first broadside was up before nine o'clock, the last dram drank before noon, and the raising was over.
Thomas Coffin, a boy of fourteen at the time, remembers the occasion as one of the great events of his boyhood.
The amount of rum drank at the raising is seen from the selectmen's book : “Paid for rum to raise the New Meeting House £3—17—2"—nearly $20.
In the evening, after the frame of the meeting-house was raised, the young men repaired to the house now owned by Henry L, Dodge, where the girls, who had been lookers-on at the raising, were assembled. The town had provided a generous supply of food and liquors, and all hands after supper joined in a grand dance, which was kept up till past midnight.
The pews were set up, and sold, and the proceeds applied to finishing the house.[3]
Description
The Webster meeting house is a rectangular framed building of two stories with clapboarded walls, a wood-shingled gable roof, and a foundation of original split granite slabs supported on modern (1979) concrete walls. The building retains its basic configuration, but has been remodeled several times to accommodate changing uses. Alterations include the removal of two end "porches" (stairway enclosures); the substitution of interior stairways for these projecting stairs; the flooring over of the auditorium at the gallery level to provide a full second floor; and the removal of pulpit and pews on the first floor. The building was also removed from its original location half a mile away in 1941-2 when the original site was cleared for a flood control project, and in 1979 was provided with a stable foundation of concrete below grade to ensure its permanent stability. Despite these alterations, the structure retains a sufficient number of original or early features to render it an important example of meeting house architecture in the upper Merrimack River Valley region of New Hampshire.
The facade of the meeting house faces west and is seven bays wide. Window sashes are 16-over-12, with muntin profiles typical of the Federal period. Exterior window casings are elaborated with flat fillets in place of backhand moldings. The front doorway, in the center of the facade, is a simple Greek Revival design which undoubtedly dates from 1844, when the structure was altered from its original use as a meeting house to a dual use as a town hall on the first floor and a chapel on the second. This doorway encloses two doors, each having five flat panels surrounded by applied Grecian ogee moldings. Above the doors is a five-light transom sash with thin muntins characteristic of the Greek Revival period. The door casings are wide flat boards with flat strips applied to their inner and outer edges and with flat square corner blocks at the juncture of side and top casings. The water table and corner boards of the building are simple square-edged planks. The front cornice of the meeting house consists of an ovolo bed molding and an ogee crown molding.
The side (north and south) elevations are identical to one another. Both are five bays wide, with window sashes and casings matching those of the facade. The attic of the building is lighted by single 12-over-12 windows in each gable. The end doorways- of the building each have five-panel doors with flat panels surrounded by Grecian ogee moldings. The casings are identical to those of the front doorway. The side doorways have no transom sashes. The raking eaves of the roof are trimmed with tapered boards.
The rear (east) elevation is five bays wide, with window sashes and trim matching those features on the other elevations. At the center of this elevation is a window, elevated above the other four windows of the first floor but otherwise identical to them; this lights a moderator's desk in the center of the rear wall of the first floor. The cornice of the rear of the building is a box cornice with fascia and plancia boards but with no applied moldings.
The interior of the building is divided, into two stories. The first floor is a single large room, now used to display artifacts which illustrate the history of the town of Webster. The room is entered through a vestibule inside the front door, from which two flights of stairs rise to the second floor. Opposite the door is a raised desk of unpainted pine, with paneled ends which enclose a box pew that served as a moderator's podium for town meetings. Around the perimeter of the original gallery location, turned pine posts in the form of Tuscan columns with low pedestals and square architrave blocks rise to support the gallery flooring. The ceilings beneath the galleries reflect the pitched flooring of the latter, rising from the gallery columns to the outer walls of the building. These ceilings, like the walls of the first floor, are plastered; the heavy oak posts of the frame project forward beyond the planes of the walls. The central portion of the ceiling of the first floor is un-plastered. This was originally an open area within the perimeter of the gallery, and is framed with heavy bridging joists which support a series of closely spaced floor joists of square section. The first floor, originally the main floor of the meeting house auditorium and after 1844 the Webster town hall, is today filled with museum displays.
The second floor of the building as a single large room with a level central floor in the area within the original perimeter of the gallery. The floor slants upward on the front and sides of the room, where the original gallery construction is retained. The gallery floor is filled with a series of "slip" pews, which face the center of the rear of the building where the original pulpit was located in a position midway between the first floor level and the gallery level. An analogous position on the second floor is now occupied by a movable reading desk in the Empire style, undoubtedly installed when the second floor was finished as a chapel in 1844.
The second floor is reached by two enclosed flights of stairs which rise from each side of the vestibule at the front door of the building. The two stairwells are guarded by simple balustrades with square balusters on the second floor. The detailing at this level is simple: window casings are square-edged, and the uncased posts have chamfered edges to a point within a few inches of the ceiling. Walls and ceiling are plastered, and the juncture between the two is finished in a small plastered cove.
The frame of the building is composed largely of oak. The roof frame consists of six sets of rafters. The four interior trusses are composed of doubled rafters, rafter ties, and king posts. The king posts are braced longitudinally through the building by horizontal beams linking them at mid-height, and by diagonal braces which extend from points near the tops and bottoms of the king posts to the midpoints of the horizontal beams.
Original Appearance
The basic structure has not been altered. As originally constructed, the meeting house had an open-centered gallery at the present second floor level, and a tall pulpit of typical eighteenth-century design on the east wall. Before alterations of 1844, the gallery was reached by flights of stairs enclosed in projecting "porches" features which were shared by the majority of meeting houses in central New Hampshire. The main floor of the building originally held thirty-four pews, and the gallery had twenty-three.
Although the Westerly Meeting House lost some original features in its remodeling in 1844, it is the only such structure in central New Hampshire that retains the essential form of the typical eighteenth-century meeting house of the region. The only comparable examples of early meeting house architecture in New Hampshire are a group of three steeple-less structures that survive in the southeastern towns of Danville, Fremont, and Sandown, some 45 miles from Webster. Together, these four structures preserve the only remaining record of typical eighteenth-century meeting house architecture in New Hampshire.
In 1823 a dispute over the proprietorship and use of the meeting house arose between the Congregational Church, which had been its sole religious occupant since its construction, and the relatively new Christian Union Society. The eventual outcome was the withdrawal of the Congregationalists, who built the nearby Webster Congregational Church for their own exclusive use. Eventually, in 1844, the Christian Union Society and the town voted to cooperate in remodeling the building, removing the projecting stair enclosures, flooring over the gallery, and adapting the interior for a chapel on the second floor and a town hall on the first. This was in keeping with a movement at the period for towns to abandon or remodel the uncomfortable and drafty old meeting houses and to provide smaller but more convenient halls for the use of town meetings. Thus, the Westerly Meeting House evolved to meet changing religious and civil needs in the area it served.
Effects of Moving the Building
The Westerly Meeting House was moved from its original site (about half a mile southwest of its present location) in the fall of 1941. Its original site fell within the limits of a flood control project being developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The building was condemned, the town of Webster was reimbursed $10,000 for its loss, and the structure was slated to be demolished. In October, 1941, an association was formed for the purpose of purchasing the building as surplus property, relocating it to a site above the limits of the flood control project, and preserving the structure for the future. This organization was incorporated as The Society for the Preservation of the Old Meeting House in Webster, New Hampshire; it remains the owner of the structure.
The Society employed the Walter Hill Company of Tilton, N.H., long regarded as the most skillful building movers in New Hampshire to move the building to its present site. This was accomplished in the spring of 1942 with no damage to the structure. The effect of the move on the old site was great but inevitable inasmuch as all structures within the flood control district were required to be removed or demolished. The effect of the move on the new site was to add a building of a public nature to a neighborhood which already combined domestic structures, a store, a relocated burying ground, and a church. The addition of the meeting house to this group reinforced an already strong sense of the neighborhood as the town center, and added an attractively maintained structure to a group that, already typified the New Hampshire village. The effect of the move on the building was minimal due to the care of the movers. The principal impact of the move upon the structure was to alter its compass orientation, placing the front door to the west instead of to the south as formerly. In subsequent years, the effect upon the building of ownership by the Society has been to enhance the care of the structure to a level beyond that traditionally maintained by the former owner, the Town of Webster.
Other Structures on the Site
On the same parcel of land is also an open-sided reproduction of a typical horse shed of the type often associated with meeting houses. This was built in 1972 and extended in 1979.
Standing behind (to the east of) the meeting house, the horse shed is one hundred feet in length. It is built of modern materials in a form that suggests the sheds that stood behind the meeting house in its original location. The building consists of ten ten-foot bays; the southern seven bays were, constructed in 1972 and the northern three bays in 1979. The building has a braced frame of heavy sawn timbers, clad in wide vertical pine boards. The roof frame consists of rafters of two-inch stock, placed twenty-four inches on centers. The structure is sixteen feet in depth and has a wood-shingled gable roof. The three northernmost ten-foot bays are enclosed to accommodate a fire truck given for display purposes to the Society for the Preservation of the Old Meeting House. The middle five sections are un-floored and have open fronts (west elevations) to suggest traditional horse sheds. These bays presently house a display of various pieces of horse-drawn equipment. The two southernmost bays are enclosed to form a secure storage shed.
The lot upon which the meeting house stands is bordered on the west by Battle Street. The land slopes upward in a gentle ascending grade to the point, east of the meeting house, where the horse sheds stand. Here is a low but abrupt rise along which the sheds extend. The meeting house lot is generally clear of trees, and is separated from adjoining properties only by metes and bounds rather than by stone walls or other barriers. A gravel driveway extends from Battle Street to a point near the southerly door of the meeting house, and from there to the horse sheds behind.
See also
References
- 1 2 National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- 1 2 "NRHP nomination for Old Webster Meeting House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-03-09.
- ↑ Coffin, Charles Carleton (1878-01-01). The history of Boscawen and Webster [N.H.] from 1733 to 1878. Concord, N.H. : Republican Press Association.
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