Altitude (triangle)

"Orthocenter" and "Orthocentre" redirect here. For the orthocentric system, see Orthocentric system.

Three altitudes intersecting at the orthocenter

In geometry, an altitude of a triangle is a line segment through a vertex and perpendicular to (i.e. forming a right angle with) a line containing the base (the opposite side of the triangle). This line containing the opposite side is called the extended base of the altitude. The intersection between the extended base and the altitude is called the foot of the altitude. The length of the altitude, often simply called the altitude, is the distance between the extended base and the vertex. The process of drawing the altitude from the vertex to the foot is known as dropping the altitude of that vertex. It is a special case of orthogonal projection.

Altitudes can be used to compute the area of a triangle: one half of the product of an altitude's length and its base's length equals the triangle's area. Thus the longest altitude is perpendicular to the shortest side of the triangle. The altitudes are also related to the sides of the triangle through the trigonometric functions.

A right triangle, in which the altitude from each acute angle coincides with a leg and intersects the opposite side at (has its foot at) the right-angled vertex.

In an isosceles triangle (a triangle with two congruent sides), the altitude having the incongruent side as its base will have the midpoint of that side as its foot. Also the altitude having the incongruent side as its base will form the angle bisector of the vertex.

It is common to mark the altitude with the letter h (as in height), often subscripted with the name of the side the altitude comes from.

In a right triangle, the altitude with the hypotenuse c as base divides the hypotenuse into two lengths p and q. If we denote the length of the altitude by h_c, we then have the relation

h_c=\sqrt{pq}

(Geometric mean theorem)

For acute and right triangles the feet of the altitudes all fall on the triangle's interior or edge. In an obtuse triangle (one with an obtuse angle), the foot of the altitude to the obtuse-angled vertex falls on the opposite side, but the feet of the altitudes to the acute-angled vertices fall on the opposite extended side, exterior to the triangle. This is illustrated in the adjacent diagram: in this obtuse triangle, an altitude dropped perpendicularly from the top vertex, which has an acute angle, intersects the extended horizontal side outside the triangle.

Orthocenter

See also: Orthocentric system

Three altitudes intersecting at the orthocenter

The three (possibly extended) altitudes intersect in a single point, called the orthocenter of the triangle. The orthocenter lies inside the triangle if and only if the triangle is acute (i.e. does not have an angle greater than or equal to a right angle). If one angle is a right angle, the orthocenter coincides with the vertex of the right angle.

The product of the distances from the orthocenter to a vertex and to the foot of the corresponding altitude is the same for all three altitudes.^[1]^{:p. 176} This product is the squared radius of the triangle's polar circle.

The orthocenter H, the centroid G, the circumcenter O, and the center N of the nine-point circle all lie on a single line, known as the Euler line. The center of the nine-point circle lies at the midpoint between the orthocenter and the circumcenter, and the distance between the centroid and the circumcenter is half that between the centroid and the orthocenter:

OH=2NH,

2OG=GH.

The orthocenter is closer to the incenter I than it is to the centroid, and the orthocenter is farther than the incenter is from the centroid:

HI < HG,

HG > IG.

In terms of the sides a, b, c, inradius r and circumradius R,^[2]

OH^{2}=R^{2}-8R^{2}\cos A\cos B\cos C=9R^{2}-(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}),

^[3]^{:p. 449}

HI^2 = 2r^2 -4R^2 \cos A \cos B \cos C.

The isogonal conjugate and also the complement of the orthocenter is the circumcenter.

Four points in the plane such that one of them is the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the other three are called an orthocentric system or orthocentric quadrangle.

Let A, B, C denote the angles of the reference triangle, and let a = |BC|, b = |CA|, c = |AB| be the sidelengths. The orthocenter has trilinear coordinates^[4]

$\sec A:\sec B:\sec C = \cos A-\sin B \sin C:\cos B-\sin C \sin A:\cos C-\sin A\sin B,$

and barycentric coordinates

\displaystyle (a^2+b^2-c^2)(a^2-b^2+c^2) : (a^2+b^2-c^2)(-a^2+b^2+c^2) : (a^2-b^2+c^2)(-a^2+b^2+c^2)

=\tan A:\tan B:\tan C.

Since barycentric coordinates are all positive for a point in a triangle's interior but at least one is negative for a point in the exterior, and two of the barycentric coordinates are zero for a vertex point, the barycentric coordinates given for the orthocenter show that the orthocenter is in an acute triangle's interior, on the right-angled vertex of a right triangle, and exterior to an obtuse triangle.

In the complex plane, let the points $A$ , $B$ and $C$ represent the numbers $z_{A}$ , $z_{B}$ and respectively $z_{C}$ and assume that the circumcenter of triangle $ABC$ is located at the origin of the plane. Then, the complex number

z_{H}=z_{A}+z_{B}+z_{C}

is represented by the point $H$ , namely the orthocenter of triangle $ABC$ .^[5] From this, the following characterizations of the orthocenter $H$ by means of free vectors can be established straightforwardly:

{\vec {OH}}=\sum \limits _{\scriptstyle {\rm {cyclic}}}{\vec {OA}},\qquad 2\cdot {\vec {HO}}=\sum \limits _{\scriptstyle {\rm {cyclic}}}{\vec {HA}}.

The first of the previous vector identities is also known as the problem of Sylvester.^[6] It has been proposed by James Joseph Sylvester.

Denote the vertices of a triangle as A, B, and C and the orthocenter as H, and let D, E, and F denote the feet of the altitudes from A, B, and C respectively. Then:

The sum of the ratios on the three altitudes of the distance of the orthocenter from the base to the length of the altitude is 1:^[7] (This property and the next one are applications of a more general property of any interior point and the three cevians through it.)

\frac{HD}{AD} + \frac{HE}{BE} + \frac{HF}{CF} = 1.

The sum of the ratios on the three altitudes of the distance of the orthocenter from the vertex to the length of the altitude is 2:^[7]

\frac{AH}{AD} + \frac{BH}{BE} + \frac{CH}{CF} = 2.

The product of the lengths of the segments that the orthocenter divides an altitude into is the same for all three altitudes:^[8]

AH \cdot HD = BH \cdot HE = CH \cdot HF.

If any altitude, say AD, is extended to intersect the circumcircle at P, so that AP is a chord of the circumcircle, then the foot D bisects segment HP:^[8]

HD = DP.

Denote the orthocenter of triangle ABC as H, denote the sidelengths as a, b, and c, and denote the circumradius of the triangle as R. Then^[9]^[10]

a^2+b^2+c^2+AH^2+BH^2+CH^2 = 12R^2.

In addition, denoting r as the radius of the triangle's incircle, r_a, r_b, and r_c as the radii of its excircles, and R again as the radius of its circumcircle, the following relations hold regarding the distances of the orthocenter from the vertices:^[11]

r_{a}+r_{b}+r_{c}+r=AH+BH+CH+2R,

r_{a}^{2}+r_{b}^{2}+r_{c}^{2}+r^{2}=AH^{2}+BH^{2}+CH^{2}+(2R)^{2}.

The directrices of all parabolas that are externally tangent to one side of a triangle and tangent to the extensions of the other sides pass through the orthocenter.^[12]

A circumconic passing through the orthocenter of a triangle is a rectangular hyperbola.^[13]

In any acute triangle, the inscribed triangle with the smallest perimeter is the pedal triangle of the orthocenter (the triangle whose vertices are the feet of the perpendiculars from the orthocenter to the sides).^[1]^:p.168 The sides of the pedal triangle of the orthocenter are parallel to the tangents to the circumcircle at the original triangle's vertices.^[1]^:p.172

Orthic triangle

Triangle abc is the orthic triangle of triangle ABC

If the triangle ABC is oblique (not right-angled), the points of intersection of the altitudes with the sides of the triangle form another triangle, A'B'C', called the orthic triangle or altitude triangle. It is the pedal triangle of the orthocenter of the original triangle. Also, the incenter (that is, the center for the inscribed circle) of the orthic triangle is the orthocenter of the original triangle.^[14]

The extended sides of the orthic triangle meet the opposite extended sides of its reference triangle at three collinear points.^[1]^:p.199^[15]^{:p. 165}^[16]

The orthic triangle is closely related to the tangential triangle, constructed as follows: let L_A be the line tangent to the circumcircle of triangle ABC at vertex A, and define L_B and L_C analogously. Let A" = L_B ∩ L_C, B" = L_C ∩ L_A, C" = L_C ∩ L_A. The tangential triangle is A"B"C", whose sides are the tangents to the reference triangle's circumcircle at its vertices; it is homothetic to the orthic triangle. The circumcenter of the tangential triangle, and the center of similitude of the orthic and tangential triangles, are on the Euler line.^[3]^{:p. 447}

The orthic triangle provides the solution to Fagnano's problem, posed in 1775, of finding for the minimum perimeter triangle inscribed in a given acute-angle triangle.

The orthic triangle of an acute triangle gives a triangular light route.^[17]

Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the orthic triangle are given by

A' = 0 : sec B : sec C
B' = sec A : 0 : sec C
C' = sec A : sec B : 0

Trilinear coordinates for the vertices of the tangential triangle are given by

A" = −a : b : c
B" = a : −b : c
C" = a : b : −c

For more information on the orthic triangle, see here.

Some additional altitude theorems

Altitude in terms of the sides

For any triangle with sides a, b, c and semiperimeter s = (a+b+c) / 2, the altitude from side a is given by

h_a=\frac{2\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}}{a}.

This follows from combining Heron's formula for the area of a triangle in terms of the sides with the area formula (1/2)×base×height, where the base is taken as side a and the height is the altitude from a.

Inradius theorems

Consider an arbitrary triangle with sides a, b, c and with corresponding altitudes h_a, h_b, and h_c. The altitudes and the incircle radius r are related by

\displaystyle \frac{1}{r}=\frac{1}{h_a}+\frac{1}{h_b}+\frac{1}{h_c}.

Circumradius theorem

Denoting the altitude from one side of a triangle as h_a, the other two sides as b and c, and the triangle's circumradius (radius of the triangle's circumscribed circle) as R, the altitude is given by^[1]^{:p. 71}

h_a=\frac{bc}{2R}.

Interior point

If p₁, p₂, and p₃ are the perpendicular distances from any point P to the sides, and h₁, h₂, and h₃ are the altitudes to the respective sides, then^[1]^{:p. 74}

\frac{p_1}{h_1} +\frac{p_2}{h_2} + \frac{p_3}{h_3} = 1.

Area theorem

Denoting the altitudes of any triangle from sides a, b, and c respectively as $h_a$ , $h_b$ , and $h_c$ ,and denoting the semi-sum of the reciprocals of the altitudes as $H=(h_{a}^{-1}+h_{b}^{-1}+h_{c}^{-1})/2$ we have^[18]

\mathrm{Area}^{-1} = 4 \sqrt{H(H-h_a^{-1})(H-h_b^{-1})(H-h_c^{-1})}.

General point on an altitude

If E is any point on an altitude AD of any triangle ABC, then^[19]^:77–78

AC^2+EB^2=AB^2+CE^2.

Special case triangles

Equilateral triangle

For any point P within an equilateral triangle, the sum of the perpendiculars to the three sides is equal to the altitude of the triangle. This is Viviani's theorem.

Right triangle

In a right triangle the three altitudes h_a, h_b, and h_c (the first two of which equal the leg lengths b and a respectively) are related according to^[20]^[21]

\frac{1}{h_a ^2}+\frac{1}{h_b ^2}=\frac{1}{h_c ^2}.

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 Johnson, Roger A. Advanced Euclidean Geometry, Dover Publications, 2007.
↑ Marie-Nicole Gras, "Distances between the circumcenter of the extouch triangle and the classical centers", Forum Geometricorum 14 (2014), 51-61. http://forumgeom.fau.edu/FG2014volume14/FG201405index.html
1 2 Smith, Geoff, and Leversha, Gerry, "Euler and triangle geometry", Mathematical Gazette 91, November 2007, 436–452.
↑ Clark Kimberling's Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/encyclopedia/ETC.html
↑ Andreescu, Titu; Andrica, Dorin, "Complex numbers from A to...Z". Birkhäuser, Boston, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8176-4326-3, page 90, Proposition 3
↑ Dörrie, Heinrich, "100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics. Their History and Solution". Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1965, ISBN 0-486-61348-8, page 142
1 2 Panapoi,Ronnachai, "Some properties of the orthocenter of a triangle", University of Georgia.
1 2 "Orthocenter of a triangle"
↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Orthocenter." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
↑ Altshiller-Court, Nathan, College Geometry, Dover Publications, 2007 (orig. Barnes & Noble 1952), p. 102.
↑ Bell, Amy, "Hansen's right triangle theorem, its converse and a generalization", Forum Geometricorum 6, 2006, 335–342.
↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Kiepert Parabola." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/KiepertParabola.html
↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Jerabek Hyperbola." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/JerabekHyperbola.htm
↑ William H. Barker, Roger Howe (2007). "§ VI.2: The classical coincidences". Continuous symmetry: from Euclid to Klein. American Mathematical Society Bookstore. p. 292. ISBN 0-8218-3900-4. See also: Corollary 5.5, p. 318.
↑ Altshiller-Court, Nathan, College Geometry, Dover Publications, 2007 (orig. 1952)
↑ William H. Barker, Roger Howe (2007). "§ VI.2: The classical coincidences". Continuous symmetry: from Euclid to Klein. American Mathematical Society Bookstore. p. 292. ISBN 0-8218-3900-4. See also: Corollary 5.5, p. 318.
↑ Bryant, V., and Bradley, H., "Triangular Light Routes," Mathematical Gazette 82, July 1998, 298-299.
↑ Mitchell, Douglas W., "A Heron-type formula for the reciprocal area of a triangle," Mathematical Gazette 89, November 2005, 494.
↑ Alfred S. Posamentier and Charles T. Salkind, Challenging Problems in Geometry, Dover Publishing Co., second revised edition, 1996.
↑ Voles, Roger, "Integer solutions of $a^{-2}+b^{-2}=d^{-2}$ ," Mathematical Gazette 83, July 1999, 269–271.
↑ Richinick, Jennifer, "The upside-down Pythagorean Theorem," Mathematical Gazette 92, July 2008, 313–317.

References

Weisstein, Eric W. "Altitude". MathWorld.

External links

Orthocenter of a triangle With interactive animation
Animated demonstration of orthocenter construction Compass and straightedge.
An interactive Java applet for the orthocenter
Fagnano's Problem by Jay Warendorff, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

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