Para-cycling classification

Para-cycling classification is the process of classifying participants in para-cycling covering four functional disability types. The classification system includes classes for handcycles for people who have lower limb mobility issues. The sport is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).

Definition

There are fourteen classifications based on functional disability type.^[1] The blind classifications are based on medical classification, no functional mobility classification.^[2]

• 

  Visualisation of functional vision for a B1 competitor

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  Visualisation of functional vision for a B2 competitor

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  Visualisation of functional vision for a B3 competitor

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  Functional mobility range of an H1 classified cyclist

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  Functional mobility range of an H2 classified cyclist

Beyond the level of vision impairment, research done at the Central Institute on Employment Abilities of the Handicapped in Moscow has found differences in functional capabilities based on differences in visual acuity. This does not play a significant role in tandem cycling.^[3]

Governance

Classification is handled by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).^[1][4] While the CP-ISRA has an interest in the sport because it is open to people with cerebral palsy, it is not governed by them.^[5] In 1983, the rules for this sport and approval for classification was done by the UCI coordinated Federation Internationale de Amateur de Cyclisme.^[6]

Eligibility

As of 2012, people with physical and visual disabilities are eligible to compete in this sport.^[1][7] In 1983, Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA) set the eligibility rules for classification for this sport. They defined cerebral palsy as a non-progressive brain lesion that results in impairment. People with cerebral palsy or non-progressive brain damage were eligible for classification by them. The organisation also dealt with classification for people with similar impairments. For their classification system, people with spina bifida were not eligible unless they had medical evidence of loco-motor dysfunction. People with cerebral palsy and epilepsy were eligible provided the condition did not interfere with their ability to compete. People who had strokes were eligible for classification following medical clearance. Competitors with multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and arthrogryposis were not eligible for classification by CP-ISRA, but were eligible for classification by International Sports Organisation for the Disabled for the Games of Les Autres.^[8]

History

In 1983, classification for cerebral palsy competitors in this sport was done by the Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association.^[9] The classification used the classification system designed for track events.^[10] In 1983, there were five cerebral palsy classifications.^[11] By the early 1990s, cycling classification had moved away from medical based system to a functional classification system.^[12] Because of issues in objectively identifying functionality that plagued the post Barcelona Games, the IPC unveiled plans to develop a new classification system in 2003. This classification system went into effect in 2007, and defined ten different disability types that were eligible to participate on the Paralympic level. It required that classification be sport specific, and served two roles. The first was that it determined eligibility to participate in the sport and that it created specific groups of sportspeople who were eligible to participate and in which class. The IPC left it up to International Federations to develop their own classification systems within this framework, with the specification that their classification systems use an evidence based approach developed through research.^[12]

The debate about inclusion of competitors into able-bodied competitions was seen by some disability sport advocates like Horst Strokhkendl as a hindrance to the development of an independent classification system not based on the rules for able-bodied sport. These efforts ended by 1993 as the International Paralympic Committee tried to carve out its own identity and largely ceased efforts for inclusion of disability sport on the Olympic programme.^[13]

Classes

An AP2 handcycle

Para-cycling classes, as defined by the UCI,^[14] can be decoded easily. The first letter stands for the gender (M for men, W for women). Subsequent letters stand for the sport division (C for Cycling; H for Handbike, T for Tricycle, B for blind or visually impaired - also known as TCB for Tandem Class Blind).^[14] The final number is the class in that division - with the lower the number, the greater the degree of impairment.^[15] Therefore WH3 stands for the class Women's Handbike 3.^[14]

Cycling

Athletes have a physical impairment that prevents them from competing in able-bodied competition but still compete using a "standard bicycle".^[15] There are five classes of cycling:

• C1: severe hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; severe athetosis or ataxia; bilateral through knee amputation, etc.
• C2: moderate hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; moderate athetosis or ataxia; unilateral above knee amputation, etc.
• C3: moderate hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; moderate athetosis or ataxia; bilateral below knee or unilateral through knee amputation, etc.
• C4: mild hemiplegic or diplegic spasticity; mild athetosis or ataxia; unilateral below knee or bilateral below elbow amputation, etc.
• C5: mild monoplegic spasticity; unilateral arm amputation (above or below elbow), etc.

Handbike or Hand Cycling

Athletes have lower limb impairment that necessitates use of a hand-operated cycle.^[15] There are five classes of hand cycling:

• H1: tetraplegics with severe upper limb impairment to the C6 vertebra
• H2: tetraplegics with minor upper limb impairment from C7 thru T3
• H3: paraplegics with impairment from T4 thru T10
• H4: paraplegics with impairment from T11 down, and amputees unable to kneel
• H5: athletes who can kneel on a handcycle, a category that includes paraplegics and amputees^[16]

In hand-cycling classifications, H1 and H2 can use an AP1 and AP2 handcycle, H3 can use an AP2, AP3 and ATP2 handcycle, and H4 can use an ATP3 handcycle.^[17]

Tricycle

Athletes have an impairment which affects their balance.^[15] They compete with a three-wheeled cycle called a tricycle - three wheels providing more balance than a standard two-wheeled cycle.

Blind/Visually Impaired, also known as Tandem Class Blind

Athletes who are blind or visually impaired. They compete using a two-person cycle known as a tandem, with a sighted "pilot" in the front seat. Under UCI rules, a professional cyclist must not be active for 12 months in any UCI professional tour (starting January 1 of the year) or be selected to any national team in a UCI-sanctioned championship, except Masters (over 40), in order to apply as a para-cycling pilot.^[15]

This rule is designed to prevent active cyclists from having an advantage. For example, Katie Compton, who won medals as a sighted pilot in the 2004 Paralympics, gave up her career in order to participate in other UCI championship disciplines, including cyclocross, which she is a 12-time national champion.

Process

International classification is undertaken by a UCI panel which consists of "a medical doctor, a physiotherapist and a sports technician" who will assess the athlete and assign them a class.^[14] The evaluation is done in English, and athletes are allowed to be accompanied by an interpreter and/or a representative of their country's National Federation in the sport.^[14] Classified athletes will be issued a para-cycling classification card.^[14]

For Australian competitors in this sport, the sport and classification is managed the national sport federation with support from the Australian Paralympic Committee.^[18] There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors:

• Provisional - for club level competition^[19]
• National - for state and national competition^[19]
• International - for international competition^[19]

At the Paralympic Games

Competitors with cerebral palsy classifications were allowed to compete at the Paralympics for the first time at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.^[20] Cycling appeared for the first time at the 1988 Summer Paralympics.^[1] At the 1992 Summer Paralympics, cerebral palsy, amputee and wheelchair disability types were eligible to participate, with classification being run through multiple federations and the International Paralympic Committee, with classification being done based on disability type.^[21] At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, on the spot classification required that classifiers have access to medical equipment like Snellen charts, reflex hammers, and goniometers to properly classify competitors.^[22] At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 33 assessments were conducted at the Games. This resulted in 5 class changes.^[23] Handcycling classifications were included at the Paralympics for the first time at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.^[1] A total of 155 men and 70 women competed at the London 2012 Summer Paralympics.^[24] Road cycling competition was held at Brands Hatch, Kent from 5 September to 8 September,^[24] while track cycling was held at the Velodrome, Olympic Park from 30 August to 2 September.^[25] A maximum of 14 men and 7 women per nation were allowed to compete across the 18 medal events in road cycling^[24] and 32 medal events in track cycling.^[25]

For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis.^[26] In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, cycling classification was scheduled for September 5 at the Velodrome and September 4 to September 6 for visually impaired cyclists. For sportspeople with physical or intellectual disabilities going through classification or reclassification in Rio, their in competition observation event is their first appearance in competition at the Games.^[33]

Future

Going forward, disability sport's major classification body, the International Paralympic Committee, is working on improving classification to be more of an evidence-based system as opposed to a performance-based system so as not to punish elite athletes whose performance makes them appear in a higher class alongside competitors who train less.^[27]

References

Paralympic cycling classification
	C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 HCA HCB HCC H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 LC1 LC2 LC3 LC4 T1 T2 Tandem

Cerebral palsy sport classification
	General CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 CP5 CP6 CP7 CP8
	Alpine skiing LW1 LW3 LW6/8 LW9 LW10 LW11 LW12
	Athletics T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T36 T37 T38 F51 F52 F53 F54 F55 F56
	Boccia BC1 BC2 BC3 BC4
	Cycling T1 T2 H1 C3 C4
	CP Football FT5 FT6 FT7 FT8
	Nordic skiing LW1 LW3 LW4 LW6/8 LW9 LW10 LW11 LW12
	Swimming S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10