Philippa of England

Philippa of England

Philippa as imagined and painted by Swedish artist Reinhold Callmander in the 1890s[1] on a window above her grave at Vadstena
Queen consort of Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway
Tenure 1406–1430
Born (1394-06-04)4 June 1394
Peterborough Castle, Northamptonshire
Died 5 January 1430(1430-01-05) (aged 35)
Burial Cloister Church at Vadstena, Linköping
Spouse Eric, King of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway
House Lancaster
Father Henry IV, King of England
Mother Mary de Bohun
Queen Philippa commands the defenders of Copenhagen (1428). illustration in Hans Christian Andersen's Godfather's Picture Book

Philippa of England (4 June 1394 – 5 January 1430), also known as Philippa of Lancaster, was Queen of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway from 1406 to 1430 by marriage to Eric of Pomerania. She was the daughter of King Henry IV of England by his first spouse Mary de Bohun and the younger sister of King Henry V. Queen Philippa participated significantly in state affairs during the reign of her spouse, and served as regent of Denmark from 1423 to 1425.[2]

Life

Early life

Philippa was born to Henry Bolingbroke and Mary de Bohun, at Peterborough Castle, Peterborough. Her father became king in 1399. She is mentioned a couple of times during her childhood: in 1403, the was present at the second wedding of her father, and the same year, she made a pilgrimage to Canterbury. She mainly lived at Berkhamsted Castle and Windsor Castle.

Marriage

In 1400 or 1401, King Henry suggested to Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden that an alliance be formed between England and the Kalmar Union through a double wedding between Philippa and the heir to the Nordic thrones, Eric of Pomerania, and Prince Henry of Wales and Eric's sister Catherine of Pomerania.[3] Queen Margaret could not agree to the terms and the marriage between Henry and Catherine never occurred. In 1405, however, a Scandinavian embassy composed of two envoys from each of the three Nordic Kingdoms arrived in England, and the marriage between Philippa av Eric was proclaimed. The 26 November 1405, Philippa was married to Eric by proxy in Westminster, with the Swedish nobleman Ture Bengtsson Bielke as the stand-in for the groom, and the 8 December, she was formally proclaimed Queen consort of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the presence of the Nordic ambassadors.[4]

Philippa left England from Lynn in August 1406 with an entourage of male and female English nobles and arrived in Helsingborg in September, were she was greeted by Eric and Queen Margaret. The wedding between Philippa and Eric of Pomerania took place on 26 October 1406 in Lund Cathedral. Philippa was the first documented princess in history to wear a white wedding dress during a royal wedding ceremony: she wore a tunic with a cloak in white silk bordered with grey squirrel and ermine.[5] The wedding ceremony was followed by her coronation as Queen of the three Kingdoms. The festivities lasted until November, during which several men were knighted and Philippa's dowry was officially received by the court chamberlain and clerics from the three Kingdoms. Philippa was in turn granted dower lands in all three Kingdoms: Närke and Örebro In Sweden, Fyn with Odense and Nasbyhoved in Danmark, and Romerike in Norway.[6]

Queen and Regent

Queen Philippa and King Eric lived in Kalmar Castle in Sweden with their court the first three years of their marriage. Philippa was given her own court, supervised by her chief lady in waiting, lady Katarina Knutsdotter, a granddaughter of Saint Bridget of Sweden through lady Märta Ulfsdotter, who had been the chief lady in waiting of Queen Margaret herself.[7]

From 1409 onward, and particularly after the death of Queen Margaret in 1412, when Eric became King de facto, the royal couple mainly resided in Denmark. However, Philippa frequently returned to Sweden, and as she had lived there during her first years in Scandinavia, she was given a close relationship to Sweden, of the three Kingdoms, from the beginning.

Her particular interest in Sweden was Vadstena Abbey, which came to be a refuge for her and a base whenever she was in Sweden. Her English entourage had included Henry Fitzhugh, who had visited the Abbey with an English delegation for members in order to establish a Bridgettine monastery in England, and in 1415, four nuns, three female novices, one monk and one priest left the abbey under great celebrations for the foundation of what became the famed Syon Abbey. Philippa herself likely saw Vadstena for the first time in 1408, when she would have accompanied Eric there. During her second visit to Vadstena Abbey in January 1415, she followed the example of Queen Margaret and was accepted as a soror ab extra.[8] In 1421, she made a donation to the Abbey in exchange for prayers for her, her spouse and her parents; in 1422, she delivered the relic of an arm from the Canute the Holy to the Abbey, and in 1425, she donated the Choir of Saint Anne, who's inauguration she attended the following year.[9] When Pope Martin V banned double monasteries in 1422, Queen Philippa and her spouse sent an embassy to Rome to ask for a retraction of the ban, and she also asked her brothers in England to intervene: the result was that an exception from the ban was made for the Bridgettine Order.[10]

Queen Philippa was actively involved in state affairs. By the Pomeranian Act of Succession of 1416, Eric named his cousin Bogusław IX of Pomerania as heir to the three Kingdoms if his marriage to Philippa remained childless.[11] When Eric left to participate in warfare in Femern in 1420, the Act was amended and Philippa was given an active role. The revised Act stated that upon the death of Eric, Queen Philippa should be appointed Regent of the realm until Bogusław could be instated as King; and should Bogusław inherit the three Kingdoms while still a minor, Philippa would serve as Regent during his minority.[12] In connection to this, Philippa's dower lands were also altered: instead of having dower lands in all three Kingdoms, she was given an immense dower land in Sweden consisting of Närke, Uppland, Stockholm, the fief of Köping, fief of Tälje, fief of Västerås, Arboga as well as Snävringe, essentially making her ruler of Central Sweden, with Själland as security.[13]

Eric evidently had great trust in Philippa. Both ancient and modern authors give a favourable account of her rule. It is said that in certain matters she was more efficient than Eric. However, scholars have largely accepted this judgment of the Queen without going into detail.[14] Her great dower lands in Sweden increased Philippas interest in this Kingdom, and while Eric preferred to reside in Denmark, Philippa made such frequent and long visits in Sweden, were she acted as acted as Eric's proxy while present, that she was the de facto Regent of Sweden for most part of the 1420s, though not formally made such.[15] In March 1422, she formally summoned and presided over a Council of the Estates in Vadstena, were she mediated in a dispute between noble fractions.[16] She was often given power of attorney by Eric to handle Swedish affairs, such as the taxes of Öland in August 1425.[17]

During the pilgrimage of King Eric from 1423 until May 1425, Queen Philippa served as regent of the three kingdoms from Copenhagen.[18] During which, in the autumn of 1424, she solved a dispute with the Hanseatic League by establishing a new convention concerning the validity of the coin-system, which they had wished for.[19] During her regency, she also summoned the Swedish Council of the Estates in Stockholm in the spring of 1425.

In the spring of 1426, Philippa was sent to Sweden by Eric were she summoned the Swedish council in Vadstena and managed to secure support and funds for the Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–35) despite the Swedish opposition to this war.[20] In January 1427, when the war was going the wrong way for Eric, she summoned the Swedish council to Nyköping, were she again managed to secure Swedish support for Eric in his war.[21] At this visit, she also acquired additional Swedish estates to support her future in Sweden as a widow.

In March 1427 she returned to Denmark were she stayed for three years during the war. In 1428, Philippa successfully organized the defense of the Danish capital against the attack of the Hanseatic League during the Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428).[22] She was hailed as a heroine by the people of Copenhagen for rallying the citizens to fight the Hanseatic fleet in Copenhagen Harbor.

In late 1429, Philippa left for Sweden, officially on the mission from Eric to again secure support for his war in Sweden, were the war had been opposed from the start and patience with it was very low.[23] In Sweden, she traveled to Vadstena Abbey as usual, were she was welcomed by a delegation of Swedish riksråd. Not long after her arrival, however, she fell ill. This was an attack of some kind of a recurring illness which had been noted to affect her at times for at least five years back.[24] The queen bore a stillborn boy in 1429. She died on 5 January 1430 and was buried in the Cloister Church at Vadstena, close to Linköping in Östergötland, Sweden. After her death Eric replaced her with her former lady in waiting, Cecilia. [25] She made several donations to Vadstena Abbey in her will.

Legacy

Philippa is described as one of few royals of the Kalmar Union who was actually popular outside Denmark, and in Sweden, she was often praised as a positive contrast to Eric, who was generally unfavorably depicted.[26] Her defence of Copenhagen in 1428 was later famously recounted by Hans Christian Andersen in Godfather's Picture Book (1868).[27]

Ancestry

References

  1. ↑ Marie-Louse Flemberg in Filippa, Engelsk prinsessa - nordisk unionsdrottning ISBN 978-91-7359-072-3 p 350
  2. ↑ Terje Bratberg. "Filippa Av England, Dronning". Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  3. ↑ Dansk biografisk Lexikon / III. Bind. Brandt - Clavus
  4. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  5. ↑ The History of Matrimony
  6. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  7. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  8. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  9. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  10. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  11. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  12. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  13. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  14. ↑ Queen Philippa as a benefactor of the Birgittines (Flemberg, Marie-Louise)
  15. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  16. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  17. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  18. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  19. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  20. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  21. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  22. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  23. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  24. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  25. ↑ Helge Salvesen. "Filippa av England". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  26. ↑ Filippa, urn:sbl:14127, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gottfrid Carlsson), hämtad 2016-09-07.
  27. ↑ Godfather's Picture Book (Hans Christian Andersen)

Other sources

Philippa of England
Born: 4 June 1394 Died: 7 January 1430
Vacant
Title last held by
Helvig of Schleswig		 Queen consort of Denmark
1406–1430 		Vacant
Title next held by
Dorothea of Brandenburg
Vacant
Title last held by
Margaret I of Denmark		 Queen consort of Norway
1406–1430
Vacant
Title last held by
Richardis of Schwerin		 Queen consort of Sweden
1406–1430

Media related to Philippa of England at Wikimedia Commons

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