Piton
In climbing, a piton (/ˈpiːtɒn/; also called a pin or peg) is a metal spike (usually steel) that is driven into a crack or seam in the rock with a hammer, and which acts as an anchor to protect the climber against the consequences of a fall, or to assist progress in aid climbing. Pitons are equipped with an eye hole or a ring to which a carabiner is attached; the carabiner can then be directly or indirectly attached to a climbing rope.
Pitons were the original form of protection and are still used where there is no alternative. Repeated hammering and extraction of pitons damages the rock, and climbers who subscribe to the clean climbing ethic avoid their use as much as possible. With the popularization of clean climbing in the 1970s, pitons were largely replaced by faster and easier-to-use clean protection, such as nuts and camming devices.[1] Pitons are still found in place (as 'fixed' pitons) on some established free climbing routes in places where nuts or cams do not work; and are used on some hard aid climbs.[2]
Styles and shapes
Pitons are sized and manufactured to fit a wide range of cracks. From small to large, the most common are:
- RURP - for Realized Ultimate Reality Piton - a tiny piton the size of a postage stamp used in thin, shallow seams. It was designed by Tom Frost and Yvon Chouinard in 1959, and manufactured by Chouinard Equipment in the 1960s.[3] It is not a strong piece, and is mainly used for aid climbing, although it can feature as protection on extreme free routes (e.g. Rurp The Wild Berserk (E6 6b) at The Brand, Leicestershire, UK).[4] More recent versions of the RURP include Bird Beaks and Peckers.
- Knifeblade - also known as Bugaboos, are a thin straight piton, that work in thin, deep cracks.
- Lost Arrow - designed by John Salathé and Yvon Chouinard, are a hot-forged, tapered piton that performs well in medium-size cracks.
- Angle - A piton made of steel sheet bent into a "U", "V", or "Z" shape; work well for larger cracks, where the steel deforms elastically as the piton is placed.
- Bongs - The largest pitons are angles made from aluminium sheet called bongs, named for the sound they produce while being hammered into place, or the sound they make when dropped. Bongs have become rare with the advent of camming units, nuts (chocks) which protect the same wide cracks more easily, and without causing damage to the rock.
Wired Chouinard RURP
Knifeblade pitons made by US army during World War II and left in Seneca Rocks
Soft Metal Lost Arrow
Medium size Angle
Medium size Angle in Big Cottonwood Canyon
Z-shaped Angle in Echo Canyon, Utah
Old loose-ring angle piton
Ring Piton in placement
Large angle piton
Materials and evolution
Early pitons were made of malleable iron and soft steel and would deform to the shape of the crack when driven into the rock, which worked well in the irregular cracks found on European limestone. Soft pitons are difficult to remove without damaging the piton, so they were frequently left in place and became fixed anchor points on a climb.
During climbing exploration of the hard granite in Yosemite Valley in the 1950s and 1960s, it was found that soft pitons did not work very well. The long routes developed in Yosemite made it impractical and costly to fix routes, and the soft pitons were not durable enough to be placed and removed more than a few times. Pitons needed to be removed and used again on subsequent pitches, sometimes many times. Leaving gear in place went against the ethics of many climbers. John Salathé pioneered designs using hardened steel which were much tougher than the European pitons. Salathé's pins, which he developed for a climb of the Lost Arrow, resisted deformation and were easier to remove and reuse, and were durable enough to be reused indefinitely.[5]
In popular culture
- In the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only, James Bond (Roger Moore) makes use of pitons while climbing a sheer cliff face as a means to infiltrate the villain Kristatos' (Julian Glover) hideout. Just before he gets to the top of the cliff, he is met by Apostis - one of Kristatos' assassins. Apostis tries to kill Bond by knocking his pitons out of the rock, which would cause him to fall to his death. Just before Apostis knocks out the last piton, Bond unclips a piton from his belt and uses it as a throwing knife, injuring Apostis and sending him falling to his death instead. Bond is then able to infiltrate Kristatos' hideout.
- In the video game I Am Alive, the main character can also use a piton to rest and replenish stamina while climbing for extended periods of time.
- In the MacGyver season 2 episode "Eagles". MacGyver must climb a mountain to save baby eagles. Short of equipment, he uses tent stakes as pitons.
See also
References
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- ↑ Loughman, Michael (1981). Learning to Rock Climb. Page 78: Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-281-2.
- ↑ Loughman, Michael (1981). Learning to Rock Climb. Page 80: Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-281-2.
- ↑ Jones, Chris (1976). Climbing in North America. Berkeley: American Alpine Club and University of California Press. p. 274. ISBN 0-520-02976-3.
- ↑ Climbs at The Brand
- ↑ McNamara, Chris (2000). Yosemite Big Walls: SuperTopo. Mill Valley: SuperTopo. p. 113. ISBN 0-9672391-1-7.