Pope John (numbering)

The numbering of Popes John does not occur in strict numerical order. These discrepancies in regnal numbers are due in part to a now discounted belief in another Pope John between John XIV and John XV, and the antipapacy of John XVI.

John	Dates of Papacy	Né	Notes	#
There is no controversy regarding the numbering of the popes John before XV I • II • III • IV • V • VI • VII • Anti-VIII • VIII • IX • X • XI • XII • XIII
Pope John XIV	983–984	Pietro Canepanova		14
John XIVb or John XIV Bis	Did not exist		Medieval historians misreading the Liber Pontificalis assumed another Pope John between Pope John XIV and the true Pope John XV, mistaking him with the historical character of cardinal deacon John son of Robert, who opposed Antipope Boniface VII.	–
Pope John XV	985–996	John	He is sometimes called XVI because of his legendary predecessor, "John XIVb," born to confusion between the reign of Boniface VII, the four-month-long imprisonment of John XIV being interpreted as a distinct pontificate in the Liber Pontificalis, and the historical cardinal deacon John son of Robert that opposed Boniface VII after death of John XIV. So one might sometimes see him listed as "John XV (XVI)"	15
Antipope John XVI	997–998	Johannes Philagathos or Piligato or Filagatto	An antipope, according to conventional wisdom now, and thus his regnal number XVI should have been reused, but this did not occur. Some centuries later the sequencing was "corrected" in the wrong direction by some medieval historians who believed there was another Pope John between popes John XIV and John XV (Pope John XIVb, who, they believed, was the real Pope John XV), and so sometimes you will see him listed as "Antipope John XVI (XVII)". He was elected in opposition to Pope Gregory V (996–999).	–
Pope John XVII	1003	Sicco	He took the number XVII on account of Antipope John XVI, but some historians corrected his number to XVIII to account for Pope John XIVb (whom they thought of as the real Pope John XV) who was actually non-existent, so he is sometimes labelled as "Pope John XVII (XVIII)".	16
Pope John XVIII	1004–1009	Fasanius	As explained above, he is sometimes labelled as "Pope John XVIII (XIX)".	17
Pope John XIX	1024–1032	Romanus	As explained above, he is sometimes labelled as "Pope John XIX (XX)".	18
Pope John XXI	1276–1277	Pedro Julião romanised as Petrus Hispanus	There has never been a Pope John XX because Pedro Julião wanted to correct what in his time was believed to be an error in the counting of his predecessors John XV – XIX. Due to the error in over-correcting his number, some sources will list him as "John XXI (XX)" although he was in fact the nineteenth valid Pope by that name.	19
Pope John XXII	1316–1334	Jacques Duèze		20
Antipope John XXIII	1410–1415	Baldassare Cossa		–
Pope John XXIII	1958–1963	Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli	Roncalli's choice of XXIII rather than XXIV confirmed the antipope status of Baldassare Cossa.	21

John XX

Confusion in numbering Popes John results from an error in the textual transmission of the entry on John XIV (983/984) in the Liber Pontificalis. This entry originally specified not only the duration of his pontificate ("VIII mens." = eight months), but also the duration of his ensuing imprisonment by Antipope Boniface VII, "per IV menses" ("for four months"). In the 11th century, some time after the pontificate of John XIX, this entry on John XIV was misread to be referring to two different popes John, the first reigning for eight months and directly succeeded by another John reigning for four months:

Iohannes m. VIII ("John, eight months")

Iohannes m. IV ("John, four months")

In distinguishing these two Johns, the second one came to be numbered as "Iohannes XIV. bis" ("John XIV the second") and it was confused with a historic character, the cardinal deacon John son of Robert, who opposed Boniface VII after John XIV's death. Given the fact that the following Popes John, from John XV (985–996) until John XIX (1024–1034), seemed to have neglected the existence of John XIV "bis", Pedro Julião "corrected" this error by taking the name John XXI rather than John XX.

References

Reginald L. Poole: "The Names and Numbers of Medieval Popes", in: The English Historical Review, Vol. 32, No. 128 (1917), pp. 465–478, see especially pp. 474–475

Popes of the Catholic Church

List of popes canonised Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus Papal resignation Pope-elect

1st–4th centuries During the Roman Empire (until 493) including under Constantine (312–337)	Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleuterus Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I

5th–8th centuries Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537) Byzantine Papacy (537–752) Frankish Papacy (756–857)	Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III

9th–12th centuries Papal selection before 1059 Saeculum obscurum (904–964) Crescentii era (974–1012) Tusculan Papacy (1012–1044/1048) Imperial Papacy (1048–1257)	Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III

13th–16th centuries Viterbo (1257–1281) Orvieto (1262–1297) Perugia (1228–1304) Avignon Papacy (1309–1378) Western Schism (1378–1417) Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534) Reformation Papacy (1534–1585) Baroque Papacy (1585–1689)	Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII

17th–20th centuries Revolutionary Papacy (1775–1848) Roman Question (1870–1929) Vatican City (1929–present) World War II (1939–1945) Cold War (1945-1991)	Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II

21st century	Benedict XVI Francis

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Antipopes of the Catholic Church

Natalius Hippolytus Novatian Felix II Ursicinus Eulalius Laurentius Dioscorus Theodore Paschal Constantine II Philip John VIII Anastasius Christopher Boniface VII John XVI Gregory VI Benedict X Honorius II Clement III Theodoric Adalbert Sylvester IV Gregory VIII Celestine II Anacletus II Victor IV (1138) Victor IV (1159–1164) Paschal III Callixtus III Innocent III Nicholas V Clement VII Benedict XIII Alexander V John XXIII Clement VIII Benedict XIV Felix V Modern claimants to papacy

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