Atlas Comics (1950s)

Atlas Comics
Industry Publishing
Fate Distribution company closed
Successor Magazine Management Co., Inc., Marvel Comics
Founded November 1951
Defunct October 1957
Headquarters Manhattan, New York City
Key people
 Martin Goodman
Products Comic books, magazines
Subsidiaries Numerous
Website www.atlastales.com

Atlas Comics is the 1950s comic book publishing company that evolved into Marvel Comics. Magazine and paperback novel publisher Martin Goodman, whose business strategy involved having a multitude of corporate entities, used Atlas as the umbrella name for his comic book division during this time. Atlas evolved out of Goodman's 1940s comic book division, Timely Comics, and was located on the 14th floor of the Empire State Building.

This company is distinct from the 1970s comic book company, also founded by Goodman, that is known as Atlas/Seaboard Comics.

History

After the Golden Age

Young Men #25 (Feb. 1954): Cover art by Carl Burgos.[1] Note the Atlas globe in the top left corner.

Atlas Comics grew out of Timely Comics, the company that magazine and paperback novel publisher Martin Goodman founded in 1939, and which had reached the peak of its popularity during the war years with its star characters the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America.[2] The early to mid-1950s found comic books falling out of fashion due to competition from television and other media.[3]

Timely largely stopped producing superhero comics with the cancellation of Captain America Comics at issue #75 (cover-dated Feb. 1950), by which time the series had already been titled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale featuring only anthological suspense stories and no superheroes.[4] The company's flagship title, Marvel Mystery Comics, starring the Human Torch, had already ended its run with #92 in June 1949,[5] as had Sub-Mariner Comics with #32 the same month,[6] and The Human Torch with #35 in March 1949.[7] Timely made one more attempt at superheroes with the publication of Marvel Boy #1-2 (Dec. 1950 - Feb. 1951),[8]:7 which was retitled Astonishing with issue #3 (April 1951) and continued the Marvel Boy feature through #6 (Oct. 1951).[9][10]

In the absence of superheroes, Goodman's comic book line expanded into a wide variety of genres, producing horror, Westerns, humor, funny animal, drama, crime, war, jungle, romance, espionage, medieval adventure, Bible stories, and sports comics. As did other publishers, Atlas also offered comics about models and career women.

Goodman began using the logo of the Atlas News Company, the newsstand-distribution company he owned, on comics cover-dated November 1951, even though another company, Kable News, continued to distribute his comics through the August 1952 issues, with its "K" logo and the logo of the independent distributors' union appearing alongside the Atlas globe.[11] The Atlas logo united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications.[12]

Logo treatment on a 1954 comic book page, giving "Atlas" as the comics brand.

Atlas attempted to revive superheroes in Young Men #24-28 (Dec. 1953 - June 1954) with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). The short-lived revival also included restarts of Sub-Mariner Comics (issues #33-42, April 1954 - Oct. 1955)[13] and Captain America (#76-78, May-Sept. 1954).[14] All three superheroes also appeared in the final two issues of Men's Adventures (#27-28, May–July 1954).[15]

Trend-following

The pre-Comics Code Astonishing #30 (Feb. 1954): Cover art by Joe Maneely.

Goodman's publishing strategy for Atlas involved what he saw as the proven route of following popular trends in TV and movies — Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time — and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line.[16][17] As Marvel/Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee told comic book historian Les Daniels, Goodman "would notice what was selling, and we'd put out a lot of books of that type." Commented Daniels, "The short-term results were lucrative; but while other publishers took the long view and kept their stables of heroes solid, Goodman let his slide."[18] While Atlas had some horror titles, such as Marvel Tales, as far back as 1949, the company increased its output dramatically in the wake of EC's success. Lee recalled, "[I]t was usually based on how the competition was doing. When we found that EC's horror books were doing well, for instance, we published a lot of horror books."[17] Until the early 1960s, when Lee would help revolutionize comic books with the advent of the Fantastic Four and Spider-Man, Atlas was content to flood newsstands with profitable, cheaply produced product — often, despite itself, beautifully rendered by talented if low-paid artists.[19]

The Atlas "bullpen" had at least five staff writers (officially called editors) besides Lee: Hank Chapman, Paul S. Newman, Don Rico, Carl Wessler, and, in the teen humor division, future Mad magazine cartoonist Al Jaffee. Daniel Keyes, future author of Flowers for Algernon, was an editor beginning 1952.[20] Other writers, generally freelance, included Robert Bernstein.[21]

The artists — some freelance, some on staff — included such veterans as Human Torch creator Carl Burgos[22] and Sub-Mariner creator Bill Everett.[23] The next generation included the prolific and much-admired Joe Maneely, who before his death just prior to Marvel's 1960s breakthrough was the company's leading artist,[24] providing many covers and doing work in all genres, most notably on Westerns and on the medieval adventure The Black Knight. Others included Russ Heath,[25] Gene Colan,[26] and the fledgling, highly individualistic Steve Ditko.[27]

Atlas' most prominent Western titles, many reprinted in the 1970s, were Ringo Kid, with art by Maneely, Fred Kida and John Severin; artist Doug Wildey's The Outlaw Kid; artist Jack Keller's Kid Colt, Outlaw; the anthology Gunsmoke Western, starring Kid Colt; and Black Rider, drawn by Maneely, Syd Shores and others.[28] (The Atlas versions of two prominent 1960s Marvel Western characters, the Rawhide Kid and the Two-Gun Kid, were different and historically undistinguished iterations).

Humor and miscellanea

Sergeant Barney Barker #1, cover art by John Severin.

Atlas also published various children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer, the Happy Ghost (a la Casper the Friendly Ghost), Homer Hooper (a la Archie Andrews) and the Joe Maneely-drawn Melvin the Monster (a la Dennis the Menace). Sergeant Barney Barker, drawn by John Severin, was Atlas' answer to Sgt. Bilko.[29]

One of the most long-running titles was Millie the Model, which began as a Timely Comics humor book in 1945 and ran into the 1970s, lasting for 207 issues and launching spinoffs along the way. Created by writer-artist Ruth Atkinson,[30] it later became the training ground for cartoonist DeCarlo — the future creator of Josie and the Pussycats, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch and other Archie Comics characters, and the artist who established Archie's modern look.[30][31] DeCarlo wrote and drew Millie for 10 years.[32]

The high-school series Patsy Walker, co-created by Atkinson and writer Otto Binder in 1944,[33] featured art by Al Hartley, Al Jaffee, Morris Weiss and others, ran until 1967[34] and spun off three titles. Patsy herself would be integrated into Marvel Universe continuity years later as the supernatural superheroine Hellcat.[35]

Atlas' funny animal books featured cartoonist Ed Winiarski's trouble-prone Buck Duck, Maneely's mentally suspect Dippy Duck, and Howie Post's The Monkey and the Bear. Buck and the other funny animal characters briefly returned in the early 1970s when Marvel published the five-issue reprint title Li'l Pals ("Fun-Filled Animal Antics!").[36]

Miscellaneous titles included the espionage series Yellow Claw, with Maneely, Severin, and Jack Kirby art; the Native American hero Red Warrior, with art by Tom Gill;[37] the space opera Space Squadron, written and drawn by future Marvel production executive Sol Brodsky;[38] and Sports Action, initially featuring true-life stories about the likes of George Gipp and Jackie Robinson, and later on fictional features of, as one cover headline put it, "Rugged Tales of Danger and Red-Hot Action!".[39]

Staff artist Stan Goldberg recalled in 2005, "I was in the Bullpen with a lot of well-known artists who worked up there at that time. ... The guys ... who actually worked nine-to-five and put in a regular day, and not the freelance guys who'd come in a drop off their work ... were almost a hall of fame group of people. There was John Severin. Bill Everett. Carl Burgos. There was the all-time great Joe Maneely.... We all worked together, all the colorists and correction guys, the letterers and artists. ... We had a great time".[40]

Layoffs

From 1952 to late 1956, Goodman distributed Atlas' comics to newsstands through his self-owned distributor, the Atlas News Company. He shut down Atlas News Company in 1956 and began newsstand distribution through American News Company,[11][41] the nation's largest distributor and a virtual monopoly, which shortly afterward lost a Justice Department lawsuit and discontinued its business. As comic book historian Gerard Jones explains, the company in 1956

...had been found guilty of restraint of trade and ordered to divest itself of the newsstands it owned. Its biggest client, George Delacorte, announced he would seek a new distributor for his Dell Comics and paperbacks. The owners of American News estimated the effect that would have on their income. Then they looked at the value of the New Jersey real estate where their headquarters sat. They liquidated the company and sold the land. The company ... vanished without a trace in the suburban growth of the 1950s.[42]

The Atlas globe remained on the covers, however, until American News went out of business in June 1957.[43] With no other options, Goodman turned to the distributor Independent News, owned by rival National Periodical Publications, the future DC Comics, which agreed to distribute him on constrained terms that allowed only eight titles per month.[44] The last comic to bear the Atlas globe on the cover was the funny-animal comic Dippy Duck #1,[45] and the first to bear the new "Ind." distributors' mark was Patsy Walker #73, both cover-dated October 1957.[46]

Stan Lee, in a 1988 interview, recalled that Goodman:

...had gone with the American News Company. I remember saying to him, 'Gee, why did you do that? I thought that we had a good distribution company.' His answer was like, 'Oh, Stan, you wouldn't understand. It has to do with finance.' I didn't really give a damn, and I went back to doing the comics. [Later,] we were left without a distributor and we couldn't go back to distributing our own books because the fact that Martin quit doing it and went with American News had gotten the wholesalers very angry ... and it would have been impossible for Martin to just say, 'Okay, we'll go back to where we were and distribute our books.' [We had been] turning out 40, 50, 60 books a month, maybe more, and [now] the only company we could get to distribute our books was our closest rival, National [DC] Comics. Suddenly we went ... to either eight or 12 books a month, which was all Independent News Distributors would accept from us.[47]

During this retrenchment, according to a fabled industry story, Goodman discovered a closet-full of unused, but paid-for, art, leading him to have virtually the entire staff fired while he used up the inventory. In the interview noted above, Lee, one of the few able to give a firsthand account, told a seemingly self-contradictory version of the downsizing:

It would never have happened just because he opened a closet door. But I think that I may have been in a little trouble when that happened. We had bought a lot of strips that I didn't think were really all that good, but I paid the artists and writers for them anyway, and I kinda hid them in the closet! And Martin found them and I think he wasn't too happy. If I wasn't satisfied with the work, I wasn't supposed to have paid, but I was never sure it was really the artist's or the writer's fault. But when the job was finished I didn't think that it was anything that I wanted to use. I felt that we could use it in inventory — put it out in other books. Martin, probably rightly so, was a little annoyed because it was his money I was spending.[47]

In a 2003 interview, Joe Sinnott, one of the company's top artists for more than 50 years, recalled Lee citing the inventory issue as a primary cause. "Stan called me and said, 'Joe, Martin Goodman told me to suspend operations because I have all this artwork in house and have to use it up before I can hire you again.' It turned out to be six months, in my case. He may have called back some of the other artists later, but that's what happened with me.[48]

The two fantasy titles (Strange Tales and World of Fantasy) clung on printing stored inventory material from late 1957 through late 1958.

Pre-superhero Marvel

Strange Worlds #1 (Dec. 1958), the first Marvel/Atlas work by artist Jack Kirby upon his permanent return to the company. Cover art by penciler Kirby and inker Christopher Rule.

Goodman's men's magazines and paperback books were still successful — the comics, except in the early Golden Age, were a relatively small part of the business — and Goodman considered shutting the division down. The details of his decision not to do so are murky. Artist Jack Kirby — who after his amicable split with creative partner Joe Simon a few years earlier and after losing a lawsuit to a DC Comics editor was having difficulty finding sufficient work — recalled that in late 1958,

I came in [to the Marvel offices] and they were moving out the furniture, they were taking desks out — and I needed the work! ... Stan Lee is sitting on a chair crying. He didn't know what to do, he's sitting on a chair crying — he was still just out of his adolescence [Note: Lee, born Dec. 28, 1922, would actually have been about 36.] I told him to stop crying. I says, 'Go in to Martin and tell him to stop moving the furniture out, and I'll see that the books make money'.[49]

The interviewer, The Comics Journal publisher Gary Groth, later wrote of this interview in general, "Some of Kirby's more extreme statements ... should be taken with a grain of salt...."[50] Lee, specifically asked about the office-closing anecdote, said,

I never remember being there when people were moving out the furniture. If they ever moved the furniture, they did it during the weekend when everybody was home. Jack tended toward hyperbole, just like the time he was quoted as saying that he came in and I was crying and I said, 'Please save the company!' I'm not a crier and I would never have said that. I was very happy that Jack was there and I loved working with him, but I never cried to him. (laughs)[47]

Kirby had previously returned, in late 1956, to freelance on five issues cover-dated December 1956 and February 1957,[51] but did not stay. Now, beginning with the cover and the seven-page story "I Discovered the Secret of the Flying Saucers" for Strange Worlds #1 (Dec. 1958), Kirby returned for a 12-year run that would soon help revolutionize comics. While career necessity led Kirby back to publisher Goodman, whom he had left acrimoniously in 1941, Kirby nonetheless helped elevate simple science fiction and giant-monster stories with what comics historian Charles Hatfield called "a vital jab in the ribs by [his] outlandish artistry.[52]:100 Soon his dynamic work began gracing countless covers and lead stories in the extant Strange Tales and the newly launched Amazing Adventures, Strange Worlds, Tales of Suspense, Tales to Astonish and World of Fantasy. "Offsetting the formulaic nature of the stories was a dash of invigorating absurdity," wrote Hatfield. "The tales had Kirby's energy and, courtesy of Lee, confessional, first-person titles typical of sensation-mongering tabloids and comics, such as, 'I Created Sporr, the Thing That Could Not Die!'"[52]:100-101

A Kirby science fiction/monster story, usually inked by Christopher Rule initially, then by Dick Ayers following Rule's retirement, would generally open each book. This was followed by one or two twist-ending thrillers or sci-fi tales drawn by Don Heck, Paul Reinman, or Joe Sinnott, all capped by an often-surreal, sometimes self-reflexive Lee-Ditko short. Lee in 2009 described these "short, five-page filler strips that Steve and I did together", originally "placed in any of our comics that had a few extra pages to fill", as "odd fantasy tales that I'd dream up with O. Henry-type endings." Giving an early example of what would later be known as the "Marvel Method" of writer-artist collaboration, Lee said, "All I had to do was give Steve a one-line description of the plot and he'd be off and running. He'd take those skeleton outlines I had given him and turn them into classic little works of art that ended up being far cooler than I had any right to expect."[53]

Don Heck, who worked as an Atlas staff artist from 1954 until the company's retrenchment in 1957 before returning the following year, recalled that the 1958 page rate "was around $20 per page to pencil and ink, I think [rival comic book publisher] DC's average was $38. It didn't pick up until 1964-65, and even then it didn't go up all that much — a couple of bucks a page."[54]

Although for several months in 1949 and 1950 Timely's titles bore a circular logo labeled "Marvel Comic", the first modern comic books so labeled were the science fiction anthology Journey into Mystery #69 and the teen humor title Patsy Walker #95 (both June 1961), which each showed an "MC" box on its cover.[55] However, collectors routinely refer to the company's comics from the April 1959 cover-dates onward (when they began featuring Jack Kirby artwork on his return to Goodman's company), as pre-superhero Marvel.[56] Goodman would reuse the name Atlas for the next comics company he founded, in the 1970s.[57]

Atlas titles by type

Sources:[58][59] Some titles may be arguably Timely at the earlier end, or Marvel at the later end. Note: In titles numbered from or into the various All Winners Comics, additional clarifying information is supplied.

Crime

Drama

Espionage

Funny-animal and other children's comics

Note: The above two series not supernatural, but Dennis the Menace-like

Horror/fantasy/science fiction

Humor/satire

Humor/sitcom

Jungle

Medieval adventure

Romance

Sports

Superheroes

War

Western

Misc.

Note: The romance title Linda Carter, Student Nurse #1-9 (Sept. 1961 - Jan. 1963), sometimes grouped together with Atlas Comics, chronologically falls within Marvel, and all covers have the "MC" box.

In other media

In the fifth and twelfth episodes of Daredevil season 1, a door with the Atlas logo on it is seen across the hall from Nelson and Murdock's office.

References

  1. ↑ "Young Men #25 (Feb. 1954)". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
  2. ↑ Thomas, Roy (2014). Sub-Mariner & the Original Human Torch. Marvel Entertainment. ISBN 978-0785190486. In 1949, Timely's Big Three (Captain America, the Human Torch, and Namor) went into limbo, along with most other super-heroes of the day.
  3. ↑ Wright, Bradford W. (2001). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America (Paperback ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780801865145. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  4. ↑ Captain America's Weird Tales at the Grand Comics Database
  5. ↑ Marvel Mystery Comics (Marvel, 1939 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
  6. ↑ Sub-Mariner Comics (Marvel, 1941 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
  7. ↑ The Human Torch (Marvel, 1940 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
  8. ↑ Brevoort, Tom; Greenberg, Glenn; Thomas, Roy (1997). The Golden Age of Marvel Comics. (Direct ed.). New York: Marvel Comics. ISBN 0785105646.
  9. ↑ "Marvel Boy (Marvel, 1950 series)". Grand Comics Database.
  10. ↑ "Astonishing (Marvel, 1951 series)". Grand Comics Database.
  11. 1 2 "Marvel : Atlas [wireframe globe] (Brand)". Grand Comics Database. Retrieved January 3, 2016. The Atlas logo was first used on November 1951 issues, but Kable News Co. continued to distribute the issues through the August 1952 issues, and its "K" logo and the logo of the independent distributors' union continued to appear along side the Atlas globe. The Atlas globe also remained in use through the September 1957 issues, plus one of the two issues cover-dated October 1957, while [American News Corporation] had taken over distribution as of November 1956.
  12. ↑ "Marvel Indicia Publishers". Grand Comics Database.
  13. ↑ "Sub-Mariner Comics (Marvel, 1954 series)". Grand Comics Database.
  14. ↑ "Captain America (Marvel, 1954 series)". Grand Comics Database.
  15. ↑ "Men's Adventures". Grand Comics Database.
  16. ↑ Lente, Fred Van; Dunlavey, Ryan (2012). The Comic Book History of Comics. San Diego, California: IDW. pp. 102–103. ISBN 1613771975.
  17. 1 2 Daniels, Les (1991). Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. New York: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-8109-3821-9.
  18. ↑ Daniels, Les (1991). Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 57. ISBN 0-8109-3821-9.
  19. ↑ Evanier, Mark (September 23, 2004). "Atlas Without a Shrug". P.O.V. Online (column). Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Of more interest today is the artwork in these comics. Goodman did not pay well but ... he usually had work available and his checks always cleared. As a result, just about everyone who worked in the New York comic book talent pool passed through his titles and some of the better artists — men like Bill Everett, Joe Maneely, Russ Heath and Dan DeCarlo — did an awful lot of pages
  20. ↑ Keyes, Daniel (1999). Algernon, Charlie, and I: A Writer's Journey (1st ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: Challcrest Press Books. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-0547564081. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  21. ↑ Robert Bernstein at the Grand Comics Database
  22. ↑ "Carl Burgos". Grand Comics Database.
  23. ↑ "Bill Everett". Grand Comics Database.
  24. ↑ Interview with fellow Atlas staff artist Stan Goldberg, Alter Ego #18 (October 2002) p. 10: "Joe was always Stan's favorite artist. No question about it. Even over [Jack] Kirby and the others".
  25. ↑ Russ Heath at the Grand Comics Database
  26. ↑ Gene Colan at the Grand Comics Database
  27. ↑ Atlas Comics (1950s) at the Grand Comics Database
  28. ↑ Black Rider (Marvel, 1950 series) and Western Tales of Black Rider (Marvel, 1955 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
  29. ↑ "John Severin: The Long Distance Runner". Squa Tront. Fantagraphics Books (11): 3. Spring 2005.
  30. 1 2 Dowsett, Elizabeth, ed. (2008). "Millie the Model debuts". Marvel Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 31. ISBN 978-0756641238. Millie the Model was created by cartoonist Ruth Atkinson, who drew the stories in the first issue. Mike Sekowsky ... took over as principal Millie the Model artist after the first issue. With issue #18, Dan DeCarlo began a ten-year stint as artist.... During this period, DeCarlo established the look of the series.
  31. ↑ "Dan DeCarlo Dead at Age of 82: Artist Defined Archie Comics Style for Decades". Comic Book Resources. December 20, 2001. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  32. ↑ Dan DeCarlo at the Grand Comics Database
  33. ↑ Miss America Magazine #2 at the Grand Comics Database.
  34. ↑ Patsy Walker (Marvel, 1945 series) at the Grand Comics Database.
  35. ↑ The Avengers #144 (Feb. 1976)
  36. ↑ "Li'l Pals". Grand Comics Database.
  37. ↑ "Tom Gill". Grand Comics Database.
  38. ↑ Sol Brodsky at the Grand Comics Database
  39. ↑ "Sports Action". Grand Comics Database.
  40. ↑ "Stan Goldberg interview". Adelaide Comics and Books. 2005. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.
  41. ↑ Dowsett, Elizabeth, ed. (2008). "Atlas Goes American". Marvel Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 66. ISBN 978-0756641238. At the end of 1956, Martin Goodman shut down his in-house distribution system, and signed a deal with American News to distribute the Atlas line.... (The Atlas name and globe would be kept to promote line unity.)
  42. ↑ Jones, Gerard (2004). Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03657-0.
  43. ↑ Ashley, Mike (2005). Transformations: The Story of the Science Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970. UK: Liverpool University Press. p. 191. ISBN 0-85323-779-4.
  44. ↑ Dowsett, ed., Marvel Chronicle, "The Last Resort", p. 66. "Goodman ... struck a bargain with Independent News (IND.), the distribution arm of National Periodical Publications, better known today as DC Comics. The ten-year deal ... [had] some very severe restrictions on what and how much he could publish.... IND. limited his output to only eight releases a month. In order to maximize his profit potential, Goodman chose to produce sixteen bimonthly titles."
  45. ↑ Vassallo, Michael J., ed. (March 17, 2014). "Martin Goodman : The Marilyn Monroe Covers, Articles and Photo Features". Timely-Atlas-Comics. Retrieved January 3, 2015. Note at the bottom left of the cover is the Atlas globe, this being the latest month the globe will ever appear (Sept/57) as Goodman lost his distributor when ANC (American News Corp.) crashed in April. There is an October cover month with the globe, the comic book Dippy Duck #1, but this is a clerical anomaly as cover proofs show an original Sept/57 date and the issue was on the stands with August and September cover-dated comics.
  46. ↑ Nolan, Michelle (2008). Love on the Racks: A History of American Romance Comics. McFarland & Co. p. 18. ISBN 978-0786435197. In fact, the first true 'Marvel Age' comic — the first issue minus the Atlas symbol in the upper-left corner — was Patsy Walker #73 (Oct. 1957).
  47. 1 2 3 "Stan the Man & Roy the Boy: A Conversation Between Stan Lee and Roy Thomas". Comic Book Artist (2). Summer 1998. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009.
  48. ↑ Joe Sinnot interview: Alter Ego #26 (July 2003), p. 11
  49. ↑ George, Milo (2002). The Comics Journal Volume One: Jack Kirby (1st ed.). Seattle, Wash.: Fantagraphics. p. 38. ISBN 1-56097-466-4.
  50. ↑ Jack Kirby interview, The Comics Journal Library, p. 19
  51. ↑ Astonishing #56 (4 pp.), Strange Tales of the Unusual #7 (4 pp.), Quick-Trigger Western #16 (5 pp.), and Yellow Claw #2-3 (19 pp. each)
  52. 1 2 Hatfield, Charles (2012). Hand of Fire: The Comics Art of Jack Kirby. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1617031786. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  53. ↑ Yoe, Craig (2009). The Art of Ditko. San Diego, California: IDW Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 1-60010-542-4.
  54. ↑ Heck in Murray, Will (September 1993). "Iron Man: Almost 44 Years Later, Don Heck Is Still Drawing Comics, Part One". Comics Scene (37). p. 55.
  55. ↑ "Marvel : MC (Brand)". Grand Comics Database.
  56. ↑ "Pre-Superhero Marvel Comics--Miscellanea". Michigan State University Libraries Special Collections Division: Reading Room Index to the Comic Art Collection, "Presidio" to "Pre-Superhero". Archived from the original on April 9, 2010.
  57. ↑ Rovin, Jeff (February 1987). "How Not to Run a Comic Book Company". The Comics Journal (114). p. 97. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012.
  58. ↑ "Atlas [black & white] (Brand Emblem) 1951 - 1957". Grand Comics Database.
  59. ↑ "Atlas Tales". Atlas Tales. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-26.

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