Presidio mutiny

The Presidio mutiny was a sit-down protest carried out by 27 prisoners at the Presidio stockade in San Francisco, California on October 14, 1968. The stiff sentences given out at courts martial for the participants (known as the Presidio 27) attracted attention to the extent of sentiment against the Vietnam War in the armed forces.

Prelude

Two events set the stage for the protest. The first was the death of Richard Bunch, a prisoner in the stockade, who was killed on October 11 with a shotgun blast after walking away from a work detail.^[1] Other prisoners stated that he taunted guards to shoot him.^[2] That evening there was a vocal protest against the killing. Conditions in the stockade were overcrowded, with up to 140 prisoners housed in a space intended for 88, and there were charges of mistreatment by guards.^[2]

The protest was set into motion, however, by a group of four AWOL soldiers who turned themselves in the next day at the end of a large anti-war march in San Francisco, where the Presidio is located.^[3] The military had made attempts to prevent service members from participating in the march, ordering up mandatory formations and special maneuvers which would keep men on base.^[4] Nevertheless a large contingent of several hundred active duty and reserve servicemen marched at the front of the parade.^[4] The four AWOL soldiers (Linden Blake, Keith Mather, Walter Pawlowski, and Randy Rowland),^[5] having been put in the stockade, met with prisoners over the weekend and convinced them to participate in a protest over prisoner conditions and against the war.^[3]

The protest

The protest was carried out during the morning formation on Monday the 14th. 28 prisoners broke ranks and sat in the grass, singing "We Shall Overcome".^[1] One of them returned to ranks when challenged, but the remainder continued to sing, with Pawlowski reading a list of demands.^[3] After orders to disperse were ignored, the camp commandant read the articles of mutiny, and eventually the protest was broken up by military police, who removed the protesters one at a time.^[2][3]

The trials

The protesters were tried in small groups in the spring of 1969, with future star criminal lawyer Brendan Sullivan among the defense counsel. By that time three of the prisoners had escaped.^[1] As the first defendants were sentenced to 15, 14, and 16 years at hard labor, national attention was focused on the severity of punishment for a non-violent protest.^[2] The charge of mutiny was particularly denounced, given that it potentially could carry the death penalty (though prosecutors had agreed in advance not to seek such extreme penalties); even the officer in charge of the preliminary investigation recommended reduction of charges to "willful disobedience", but was overruled by Lt. Gen. Stanley Larsen, commander of the Sixth Army.^[2][6]

On appeal, the long sentences for mutiny were voided by the Court of Military Review in June 1970,^[7] and reduced to short sentences for willful disobedience of a superior officer.^[8] Rowland, for example, was released in 1970 after a year and a half imprisonment.^[3] The three escapees (Blake, Mather, and Pawlowski) fled to Canada, with Mather remaining fugitive until 1985.^[5] At the time of his release from the Army disciplinary barracks at Ft. Riley, Mather's lawyer Howard DeNike described his client as America's "last prisoner of conscience from the Vietnam War." ^[9]

Supporters of the soldiers involved painted a hand brushed poster in blue, red and green lettering that called for a candlelight vigil to be held at 8 p.m. at S.F. Civic Center in the evening of Tues March 4. It read " VIGIL // Support the 27 // Mutiny is a big word // (Candlelight) // Tues. Mar. 4th// Civic Center // 8 pm

The painter used the back side of a 28 1/4" x 22 1/8 " black and white commercially produced Vietnam Protest poster from 1967 entitled "THOUSHALT NOTKILL" It depicts a long haired male, dressed only in a white kilt-like cover, shouting in anguish to the sky. He is superimposed over a sea of Vietnam soldiers in photo that appears to have been taken at a USO show or similar entertainment/speaking event. Inscribed to the left in black lettering is "The highest virtue is always against the law" by Emerson, and another inscription to the right reads: "To my mind...to kill in war is not a whit better than to commit ordinary murder" by Einstein. The poster is copyrighted "1967 American Newspaper Co. 243 Collins St San Francisco Ca 94118"

Aftermath

The Presidio mutiny was the first of a number of protests and riots that drew attention to anti-war dissent within the military.^[5] It brought press investigation of the conditions at the stockade^[1] and of the situations of the protesters. For example, it was determined that none of those convicted had been given the non-combatant assignment promised by recruiters.^[10]

The book The Unlawful Concert by Fred Gardner (Viking Press, 1970) reviews the affair in detail. In 1980 the movie The Line depicted a fictionalized version of events.^[11] The episode is also examined in the 2005 documentary Sir! No Sir!, which examined military resistance to the Vietnam War.

References

Protests of 1968
Movements	1968 movement in Italy African-American Civil Rights Movement Anti-nuclear movement Black Consciousness Movement Black Power movement Black Power Revolution Chicano Movement Cultural Revolution Gay liberation German student movement Hippie movement Human rights movement in the Soviet Union Mexico 68 Northern Ireland civil rights movement Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Prague Spring Red Power movement Sexual revolution The Troubles Women's liberation movement
Events	1968 Polish political crisis 1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity 1968 Red Square demonstration Båstad riots Battle of Valle Giulia Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968 Central Park be-ins Columbia University protests of 1968 East L.A. walkouts King assassination riots March of the One Hundred Thousand May 1968 events in France Memphis Sanitation strike Occupation of the Old Student House Occupation of the Student Union Building Poor People's Campaign Presidio mutiny Rodney riots Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 Tlatelolco massacre
Related	Anti-Capitalism Black Power Counterculture of the 1960s Desegregation Flower power Free love Hippie Antisemitism in Poland New Left Racism in the United States School discipline Second-wave feminism Segregation in Northern Ireland Student activism Vietnam War Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia