List of possible dwarf planets
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It is estimated that there may be 200 dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt of the outer Solar System[1] and possibly more than 10,000 in the region beyond.[2] The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has accepted four of these: Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, as well as Ceres in the inner Solar System. This article lists these and the more likely of the remaining known possibilities.
IAU naming procedures
In 2008, the IAU modified its naming procedures such that objects considered most likely to be dwarf planets receive differing treatment than others. Objects that have an absolute magnitude (H) less than +1 (and hence a minimum diameter of 838 kilometres (521 mi) if the albedo is below 100%[3]) are overseen by two naming committees, one for minor planets and one for planets. Once named, the objects are declared to be dwarf planets. Makemake and Haumea are the only objects to have proceeded through the naming process as presumed dwarf planets; currently there are no other bodies that meet this criterion. All other bodies are named by the minor-planet naming committee alone, and the IAU has not stated how or if they will be accepted as dwarf planets.
Limiting values
The qualifying feature of a dwarf planet is that it "has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid-body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape".[4][5][6] Current observations are generally insufficient for a direct determination as to whether a body meets this definition. Based on a comparison with the icy moons that have been visited by spacecraft, such as Mimas (round at 400 km in diameter) and Proteus (irregular at 410–440 km in diameter), Michael Brown estimated that an icy body relaxes into hydrostatic equilibrium at a diameter somewhere between 200 and 400 km.[1]
Ceres is thought to be the only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt. 4 Vesta, the second-most-massive asteroid, appears to have a fully differentiated interior and was therefore in equilibrium at some point in its history, but it is not today.[7] The third-most massive object, 2 Pallas, has a somewhat irregular surface and is thought to have only a partially differentiated interior. Brown has estimated that, because rocky objects are more rigid than icy objects, rocky objects below 900 kilometres (560 mi) in diameter may not be in hydrostatic equilibrium and thus not dwarf planets.[1]
After Brown and Tancredi made their calculations, it was discovered that Iapetus (1,470 km in diameter) and smaller moons of Saturn with well-determined shapes are not in hydrostatic equilibrium as had been thought. They have a hydrostatic shape that froze in some time ago and that does not match the shape an equilibrium body would have at their current rotation rates.[8] Ceres, at 950 km, is the smallest body for which detailed measurements are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium. [9] It is not clear whether trans-Neptunian objects would behave more like Ceres or Iapetus; thus, some or all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets smaller than Pluto and Eris might not actually be in equilibrium. The IAU has not addressed the issue since these findings.
Tancredi's assessment
In 2010, Gonzalo Tancredi presented a report to the IAU evaluating a list of 46 candidates for dwarf-planet status based on light-curve-amplitude analysis and the assumption that the object was more than 450 kilometres (280 mi) in diameter. Some diameters are measured, some are best-fit estimates, and others use an assumed albedo of 0.10. Of these, he identified 15 as dwarf planets by his criteria (including the 4 accepted by the IAU), with another nine being considered possible. To be cautious, he advised the IAU to "officially" accept as dwarf planets the top three not yet accepted: Sedna, Orcus, and Quaoar.[10] Although the IAU had anticipated Tancredi's recommendations, as of 2013, they have not responded.
Brown's assessment
Brown's categories | Min. ⌀ | Number of objects |
---|---|---|
nearly certainly | >900 km | 10 |
highly likely | 600–900 km | 20 |
likely | 500–600 km | 45 |
probably | 400–500 km | 73 |
possibly | 200–400 km | 555 |
Source: Mike Brown,[11] as of September 21, 2016. (Summary figures differ on M. Brown's website using a cumulative count). |
Mike Brown considers a large number of trans-Neptunian bodies, ranked by estimated size, to be "probably" dwarf planets.[11] He did not consider asteroids, stating "In the asteroid belt Ceres, with a diameter of 900 km, is the only object large enough to be round".[11]
The terms for varying degrees of likelihood he split these into:
- Near certainty: diameter estimated/measured to be over 900 kilometres (560 mi). Sufficient confidence to say these must be in hydrostatic equilibrium, even if predominantly rocky.
- Highly likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over 600 kilometres (370 mi). The size would have to be "grossly in error" or they would have to be primarily rocky to not be dwarf planets.
- Likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over 500 kilometres (310 mi). Uncertainties in measurement mean that some of these will be significantly smaller and thus doubtful.
- Probably: diameter estimated/measured to be over 400 kilometres (250 mi). Expected to be dwarf planets, if they are icy, and that figure is correct.
- Possibly: diameter estimated/measured to be over 200 kilometres (120 mi). Icy moons transition from a round to irregular shape in the 200–400 km range, suggesting that the same figure holds true for KBOs. Thus, some of these objects could be dwarf planets.
- Probably not: diameter estimated/measured to be under 200 km. No icy moon under 200 km is round, suggesting that the same is true for KBOs. The estimated size of these objects would have to be in error for them to be dwarf planets.
Likeliest dwarf planets
The following trans-Neptunian objects have estimated diameters at least 300 kilometres (190 mi) and so may be dwarf planets. Not all bodies estimated to be this size are included. The list is complicated by bodies such as (47171) 1999 TC36 that were at first assumed to be large single objects but later discovered to be binary or triple systems of smaller bodies.[12] The asteroid Ceres is added for comparison.
The default sort is per Brown's size estimate. The IAU-recognised dwarf planets have bold names. Brown's diameter estimates are in red when they are based upon an assumed albedo. Explanations and sources for the measured masses and diameters can be found in the corresponding articles linked in column "Designation" of the table.
Designation | Per Brown[11] | Measured | per measured |
Diameter per assumed albedo |
Result per Tancredi[10] |
Category | Best[lower-alpha 1] diameter km | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H |
Diameter[lower-alpha 2] (km) |
Geometric albedo (%) |
Mass (1018 kg) |
H | Diameter (km) |
Geometric albedo[lower-alpha 3] (%) |
Small albedo=100% (km) |
Large albedo=4% (km) | ||||
136199 Eris | −1.1 | 2330 | 99 | 16700 | −1.1 | ±12 2326 | 90 | 2206 | 11028 | accepted (measured) | SDO | 2326 |
134340 Pluto | −0.7 | 2329 | 64 | 13030 | −0.4 | ±8 2374 | 45 | 1598 | 7989 | accepted (measured) | 2:3 resonant | 2374 |
136472 Makemake | 0.1 | 1426 | 81 | −0.3 | ±14 1430 | 114 | 1526 | 7629 | accepted | cubewano | 1430 | |
(225088) 2007 OR10 | 2 | 1290 | 19 | 1.8 | +75 −225 1535 | 14 | 580 | 2901 | SDO | 1535 | ||
136108 Haumea | 0.4 | 1252 | 80 | 4000 | 0.2 | 1430 | 72 | 1212 | 6060 | accepted | cubewano | 1430 |
50000 Quaoar | 2.7 | 1092 | 13 | 1400 | 2.82 | ±5 1110 | 11 | 363 | 1813 | accepted (and recommended) | cubewano | 1110 |
90377 Sedna | 1.8 | 1041 | 32 | 1.83 | ±80 995 | 33 | 572 | 2861 | accepted (and recommended) | detached | 995 | |
90482 Orcus | 2.3 | 983 | 23 | 580 | 2.31 | ±25 917 | 25 | 459 | 2293 | accepted (and recommended) | 2:3 resonant | 917 |
(307261) 2002 MS4 | 4 | 960 | 5 | 3.7 | ±47 934 | 7 | 242 | 1209 | cubewano | 934 | ||
1 Ceres | 939 | 3.36 | ±2 946 | 9 | 283 | 1414 | asteroid belt | 946 | ||||
120347 Salacia | 4.2 | 921 | 4 | 450 | 4.25 | ±45 854 | 5 | 188 | 939 | possible | cubewano | 854 |
2013 FY27 | 3.3 | 771 | 15 | 3 | 334 | 1669 | SDO | 771 | ||||
20000 Varuna | 4 | 747 | 9 | 3.76 | +154 −86 668 | 12 | 235 | 1176 | accepted | cubewano | 668 | |
(208996) 2003 AZ84 | 3.7 | 747 | 11 | 3.74 | +62 −67 727 | 11 | 237 | 1187 | accepted | 2:3 resonant | 727 | |
(55565) 2002 AW197 | 3.7 | 746 | 12 | 3.4 | +39 −38 768 | 13 | 278 | 1388 | accepted | cubewano | 768 | |
174567 Varda | 3.6 | 718 | 14 | 265 | 3.61 | +81 −75 705 | 13 | 252 | 1260 | possible | cubewano | 705 |
(55637) 2002 UX25 | 3.9 | 704 | 11 | 125 | 3.87 | ±29 665 | 11 | 224 | 1118 | 3:5 resonant | 665 | |
(90568) 2004 GV9 | 4.2 | 703 | 8 | 4.25 | ±34 680 | 8 | 188 | 939 | accepted | 3:5 resonant | 680 | |
(202421) 2005 UQ513 | 3.7 | 701 | 13 | 3.4 | +63 −75 498 | 31 | 278 | 1388 | cubewano | 498 | ||
(145452) 2005 RN43 | 3.9 | 697 | 11 | 3.89 | +55 −73 679 | 11 | 222 | 1108 | possible | cubewano | 679 | |
2014 UZ224 | 3.8 | 684 | 13 | 3.5 | 265 | 1326 | SDO | 684 | ||||
28978 Ixion | 3.8 | 674 | 12 | 3.83 | +19 −20 617 | 14 | 228 | 1139 | accepted | 2:3 resonant | 617 | |
2010 RF43 | 4 | 652 | 12 | 3.7 | 242 | 1209 | SDO | 652 | ||||
2014 EZ51 | 4 | 652 | 12 | 3.7 | 242 | 1209 | detached | 652 | ||||
2015 RR245 | 4 | 652 | 12 | 3.7 | 242 | 1209 | SDO | 652 | ||||
2015 KH162 | 4.1 | 621 | 11 | 3.9 | 221 | 1103 | detached | 621 | ||||
(229762) 2007 UK126 | 3.7 | 612 | 17 | 3.69 | +60 −46 648 | 14 | 243 | 1215 | SDO | 648 | ||
19521 Chaos | 5 | 612 | 5 | 4.8 | +140 −130 600 | 6 | 146 | 729 | cubewano | 600 | ||
2010 KZ39 | 4.2 | 607 | 10 | 4 | 211 | 1053 | cubewano | 607 | ||||
2012 VP113 | 4.2 | 607 | 10 | 4 | 211 | 1053 | detached | 607 | ||||
2014 WK509 | 4.2 | 607 | 10 | 4 | 211 | 1053 | detached | 607 | ||||
2013 FZ27 | 4.3 | 592 | 10 | 4.1 | 201 | 1006 | cubewano | 592 | ||||
2014 AN55 | 4.3 | 592 | 10 | 4.1 | 201 | 1006 | SDO | 592 | ||||
2010 RE64 | 4.3 | 592 | 10 | 4.1 | 201 | 1006 | SDO | 592 | ||||
2004 XR190 | 4.3 | 592 | 10 | 4.1 | 201 | 1006 | detached | 592 | ||||
(42301) 2001 UR163 | 4.3 | 592 | 10 | 4.1 | 201 | 1006 | possible | SDO | 592 | |||
(84522) 2002 TC302 | 4.2 | 591 | 12 | 3.9 | +106 −88 584 | 14 | 221 | 1103 | 2:5 resonant | 584 | ||
(78799) 2002 XW93 | 5.4 | 584 | 4 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | SDO | 584 | ||||
(230965) 2004 XA192 | 4.4 | 578 | 9 | 4.2 | +120 −95 339 | 32 | 192 | 960 | 1:2 resonant | 339 | ||
2010 FX86 | 4.4 | 578 | 9 | 4.2 | 192 | 960 | cubewano | 578 | ||||
2008 ST291 | 4.4 | 578 | 9 | 4.2 | 192 | 960 | detached | 578 | ||||
2006 QH181 | 4.5 | 564 | 9 | 4.3 | 183 | 917 | SDO | 564 | ||||
2002 XV93 | 5.4 | 564 | 4 | 5.42 | +22 −23 549 | 4 | 110 | 548 | 2:3 resonant | 549 | ||
(455502) 2003 UZ413 | 4.5 | 564 | 9 | 4.3 | 183 | 917 | 2:3 resonant | 564 | ||||
2014 YA50 | 4.5 | 564 | 9 | 4.3 | 183 | 917 | cubewano | 564 | ||||
2013 XC26 | 4.6 | 551 | 9 | 4.4 | 175 | 876 | 3:5 resonant | 551 | ||||
(470443) 2007 XV50 | 4.6 | 551 | 9 | 4.4 | 175 | 876 | cubewano | 551 | ||||
(120348) 2004 TY364 | 4.6 | 551 | 9 | 4.52 | +37 −40 512 | 10 | 166 | 829 | not accepted | 2:3 resonant | 512 | |
(145451) 2005 RM43 | 4.7 | 538 | 8 | 4.5 | 167 | 837 | possible | SDO | 538 | |||
(470308) 2007 JH43 | 4.7 | 538 | 8 | 4.5 | 167 | 837 | 2:3 resonant | 538 | ||||
(278361) 2007 JJ43 | 4.7 | 538 | 8 | 4.5 | 167 | 837 | cubewano | 538 | ||||
2014 BV64 | 4.7 | 538 | 8 | 4.5 | 167 | 837 | cubewano | 538 | ||||
2014 FC72 | 4.7 | 538 | 8 | 4.5 | 167 | 837 | detached | 538 | ||||
2014 HA200 | 4.7 | 538 | 8 | 4.5 | 167 | 837 | SDO | 538 | ||||
2015 BZ518 | 4.7 | 538 | 8 | 4.5 | 167 | 837 | cubewano | 538 | ||||
2014 WP509 | 4.7 | 538 | 8 | 4.5 | 167 | 837 | cubewano | 538 | ||||
(84922) 2003 VS2 | 4.1 | 537 | 15 | 4.1 | +35 −34 523 | 15 | 201 | 1006 | not accepted | 2:3 resonant | 523 | |
2010 OO127 | 4.8 | 525 | 8 | 4.6 | 160 | 799 | 3:5 resonant | 525 | ||||
2010 VK201 | 4.8 | 525 | 8 | 4.6 | 160 | 799 | cubewano | 525 | ||||
2014 TZ85 | 4.8 | 525 | 8 | 4.6 | 160 | 799 | 4:7 resonant | 525 | ||||
2014 FC69 | 4.8 | 525 | 8 | 4.6 | 160 | 799 | detached | 525 | ||||
2013 AT183 | 4.8 | 525 | 8 | 4.6 | 160 | 799 | SDO | 525 | ||||
2014 FT71 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | 153 | 763 | 4:7 resonant | 513 | ||||
(472271) 2014 UM33 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | 153 | 763 | cubewano | 513 | ||||
2014 US224 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | 153 | 763 | cubewano | 513 | ||||
(470599) 2008 OG19 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | 153 | 763 | SDO | 513 | ||||
2010 DN93 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | 153 | 763 | detached | 513 | ||||
(444030) 2004 NT33 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | +87 −80 423 | 13 | 153 | 763 | cubewano | 423 | ||
2003 QX113 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | 153 | 763 | SDO | 513 | ||||
2003 UA414 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | 153 | 763 | SDO | 513 | ||||
(82075) 2000 YW134 | 4.9 | 513 | 8 | 4.7 | 153 | 763 | detached | 513 | ||||
(315530) 2008 AP129 | 5 | 500 | 7 | 4.8 | 146 | 729 | cubewano | 500 | ||||
2014 VU37 | 5 | 500 | 7 | 4.8 | 146 | 729 | cubewano | 500 | ||||
2015 AM281 | 5 | 500 | 7 | 4.8 | 146 | 729 | detached | 500 | ||||
2014 HZ199 | 5 | 500 | 7 | 4.8 | 146 | 729 | 4:7 resonant | 500 | ||||
2014 BZ57 | 5 | 500 | 7 | 4.8 | 146 | 729 | cubewano | 500 | ||||
2014 JP80 | 5.1 | 489 | 7 | 4.9 | 139 | 696 | 2:3 resonant | 489 | ||||
2014 JR80 | 5.1 | 489 | 7 | 4.9 | 139 | 696 | 2:3 resonant | 489 | ||||
2013 FS28 | 5.1 | 489 | 7 | 4.9 | 139 | 696 | SDO | 489 | ||||
2011 WJ157 | 5.1 | 489 | 7 | 4.9 | 139 | 696 | SDO | 489 | ||||
2014 WH509 | 5.1 | 489 | 7 | 4.9 | 139 | 696 | cubewano | 489 | ||||
(26181) 1996 GQ21 | 5.1 | 489 | 7 | 4.9 | 139 | 696 | SDO | 489 | ||||
(307982) 2004 PG115 | 5.1 | 489 | 7 | 4.9 | 139 | 696 | SDO | 489 | ||||
(119979) 2002 WC19 | 5.1 | 489 | 7 | 4.9 | 139 | 696 | 1:2 resonant | 489 | ||||
(175113) 2004 PF115 | 4.5 | 482 | 12 | 4.54 | +98 −75 406 | 16 | 164 | 821 | 2:3 resonant | 406 | ||
2011 FW62 | 5.2 | 481 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | 2:3 resonant | 481 | ||||
(445473) 2010 VZ98 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | SDO | 477 | ||||
2011 OA60 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | cubewano | 477 | ||||
2013 HV156 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | 1:2 resonant | 477 | ||||
2014 AM55 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | cubewano | 477 | ||||
2014 XR40 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | cubewano | 477 | ||||
2015 AN281 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | 3:5 resonant | 477 | ||||
2015 AJ281 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | 4:7 resonant | 477 | ||||
2014 QW441 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | cubewano | 477 | ||||
2014 SV349 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | SDO | 477 | ||||
2014 OJ394 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | detached | 477 | ||||
2005 CA79 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | 1:2 resonant | 477 | ||||
2008 QB43 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | cubewano | 477 | ||||
2010 ER65 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | detached | 477 | ||||
2010 RO64 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | cubewano | 477 | ||||
2010 TJ | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | SDO | 477 | ||||
2010 RF188 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | SDO | 477 | ||||
2010 RF64 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | cubewano | 477 | ||||
(48639) 1995 TL8 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | detached | 477 | ||||
(469306) 1999 CD158 | 5.2 | 477 | 7 | 5 | 133 | 665 | 4:7 resonant | 477 | ||||
(471143) 2010 EK139 | 3.8 | 475 | 25 | 3.8 | +35 −10 470 | 24 | 231 | 1155 | SDO | 470 | ||
(26375) 1999 DE9 | 5.2 | 474 | 7 | 4.9 | ±45 461 | 9 | 139 | 696 | possible | SDO | 461 | |
(35671) 1998 SN165 | 5.7 | 473 | 4 | 5.6 | +39 −38 393 | 7 | 101 | 504 | cubewano | 393 | ||
(145480) 2005 TB190 | 4.4 | 469 | 15 | 4.4 | ±62 464 | 14 | 175 | 876 | detached | 464 | ||
(119951) 2002 KX14 | 4.9 | 468 | 10 | 4.86 | ±27 445 | 10 | 142 | 709 | 2:3 resonant | 445 | ||
(120132) 2003 FY128 | 5.1 | 467 | 8 | 4.8 | ±21 460 | 10 | 146 | 729 | SDO | 460 | ||
(307616) 2003 QW90 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | cubewano | 466 | ||||
2003 UY413 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | cubewano | 466 | ||||
38628 Huya | 5 | 466 | 8 | 5.04 | ±16 406 | 10 | 130 | 652 | accepted | 2:3 resonant | 406 | |
2010 EL139 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | 2:3 resonant | 466 | ||||
(471137) 2010 ET65 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | SDO | 466 | ||||
(471165) 2010 HE79 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | 2:3 resonant | 466 | ||||
2014 SH349 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | cubewano | 466 | ||||
2014 YZ49 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | cubewano | 466 | ||||
2015 AH281 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | cubewano | 466 | ||||
2014 YF50 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | SDO | 466 | ||||
2014 XS40 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | 3:5 resonant | 466 | ||||
2014 DN143 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | cubewano | 466 | ||||
2014 CO23 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | cubewano | 466 | ||||
2014 FY71 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | 4:7 resonant | 466 | ||||
(471288) 2011 GM27 | 5.3 | 466 | 6 | 5.1 | 127 | 635 | cubewano | 466 | ||||
(84719) 2002 VR128 | 5.6 | 459 | 5 | 5.58 | +42 −43 449 | 5 | 102 | 509 | 2:3 resonant | 449 | ||
2002 CY248 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2008 UA332 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
(308379) 2005 RS43 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | 1:2 resonant | 455 | ||||
(471318) 2011 JF31 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2012 JH67 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | 1:2 resonant | 455 | ||||
2013 AP183 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | SDO | 455 | ||||
2013 JW63 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | 1:2 resonant | 455 | ||||
(471921) 2013 FC28 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2014 GX53 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2014 EA52 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2014 WZ509 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2014 XY40 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2014 WS510 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | 2:5 resonant | 455 | ||||
2014 WW509 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | 3:5 resonant | 455 | ||||
2015 FG345 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | 3:5 resonant | 455 | ||||
2014 QA442 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2014 LO28 | 5.4 | 455 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | cubewano | 455 | ||||
2003 QX111 | 6.8 | 453 | 2 | 6.8 | 58 | 290 | 2:3 resonant | 453 | ||||
2006 HH123 | 5.4 | 452 | 6 | 5.2 | 121 | 606 | 2:5 resonant | 452 | ||||
(469372) 2001 QF298 | 5.4 | 421 | 7 | 5.43 | +40 −45 408 | 7 | 109 | 545 | 2:3 resonant | 408 | ||
(303775) 2005 QU182 | 3.8 | 415 | 33 | 3.8 | ±73 416 | 31 | 231 | 1155 | SDO | 416 | ||
(437915) 2002 GD32 | 6 | 414 | 4 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 414 | ||||
(144897) 2004 UX10 | 4.8 | 409 | 14 | 4.75 | +124 −94 361 | 17 | 149 | 746 | possible | 2:3 resonant | 361 | |
(469333) 2000 PE30 | 6.1 | 396 | 4 | 5.9 | 88 | 439 | SDO | 396 | ||||
2002 PJ149 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | cubewano | 384 | ||||
2007 PS45 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | 1:2 resonant | 384 | ||||
2010 JK124 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | 2:3 resonant | 384 | ||||
2010 MQ116 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | cubewano | 384 | ||||
(471196) 2010 PK66 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | cubewano | 384 | ||||
2010 VQ11 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | cubewano | 384 | ||||
2014 OD394 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | cubewano | 384 | ||||
2015 BX518 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | 3:5 resonant | 384 | ||||
2015 BE519 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | cubewano | 384 | ||||
2014 YE50 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | SDO | 384 | ||||
2014 UR224 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | TNO | 384 | ||||
2014 WQ510 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | 2:3 resonant | 384 | ||||
2014 DF143 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | cubewano | 384 | ||||
2014 DK143 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | 3:5 resonant | 384 | ||||
2012 HG84 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | cubewano | 384 | ||||
2013 HU156 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | 2:3 resonant | 384 | ||||
(471210) 2010 VW11 | 5.5 | 384 | 8 | 5.3 | 116 | 579 | SDO | 384 | ||||
(168703) 2000 GP183 | 6.2 | 379 | 4 | 6 | 84 | 419 | cubewano | 379 | ||||
1999 CL119 | 6.2 | 379 | 4 | 6 | 84 | 419 | cubewano | 379 | ||||
2001 QS297 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2010 TR19 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | SDO | 367 | ||||
2010 RN64 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
(312645) 2010 EP65 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | 1:2 resonant | 367 | ||||
(444745) 2007 JF43 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | 2:3 resonant | 367 | ||||
(470596) 2008 NW4 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2010 VW224 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | 4:7 resonant | 367 | ||||
(471954) 2013 RM98 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2013 MA12 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2013 PV74 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | TNO | 367 | ||||
2014 DM143 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2014 DO143 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2014 CQ23 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2013 YJ151 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | detached | 367 | ||||
2014 GW53 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2014 GT53 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2014 WJ509 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2014 QX441 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | 2:3 resonant | 367 | ||||
2014 QY441 | 5.6 | 367 | 8 | 5.4 | 111 | 553 | cubewano | 367 | ||||
2001 QX322 | 6.3 | 362 | 4 | 6.1 | 80 | 400 | SDO | 362 | ||||
2000 KK4 | 6.3 | 362 | 4 | 6.1 | 80 | 400 | cubewano | 362 | ||||
2000 CQ105 | 6.3 | 362 | 4 | 6.1 | 80 | 400 | SDO | 362 | ||||
(126154) 2001 YH140 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.8 | ±45 345 | 7 | 92 | 460 | 3:5 resonant | 345 | ||
2002 GH32 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | 3:5 resonant | 351 | ||||
2002 XH91 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | cubewano | 351 | ||||
2008 CT190 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | SDO | 351 | ||||
(305543) 2008 QY40 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | SDO | 351 | ||||
2010 TY53 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | 2:3 resonant | 351 | ||||
2010 VR11 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | cubewano | 351 | ||||
2014 QS441 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | cubewano | 351 | ||||
2014 JW80 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | SDO | 351 | ||||
2014 LV28 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | SDO | 351 | ||||
2014 MY69 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | cubewano | 351 | ||||
2014 WG509 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | 3:5 resonant | 351 | ||||
2014 WQ509 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | 2:3 resonant | 351 | ||||
2014 JS80 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | cubewano | 351 | ||||
2014 JJ80 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | SDO | 351 | ||||
2014 JM80 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | detached | 351 | ||||
2014 DR143 | 5.7 | 351 | 8 | 5.5 | 106 | 528 | 2:3 resonant | 351 | ||||
2007 TG422 | 6.4 | 346 | 4 | 6.2 | 76 | 382 | SDO | 346 | ||||
(82155) 2001 FZ173 | 6.4 | 346 | 4 | 6.2 | 76 | 382 | SDO | 346 | ||||
(15874) 1996 TL66 | 5.4 | 344 | 11 | 5.4 | ±20 339 | 11 | 111 | 553 | accepted | SDO | 339 | |
(135182) 2001 QT322 | 6.4 | 342 | 4 | 6.2 | 76 | 382 | cubewano | 342 | ||||
(82158) 2001 FP185 | 6.4 | 336 | 5 | 6.38 | +31 −24 332 | 4 | 70 | 352 | SDO | 332 | ||
(469421) 2001 XD255 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | 2:3 resonant | 336 | ||||
2007 JF45 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | 2:3 resonant | 336 | ||||
2010 AH2 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | cubewano | 336 | ||||
2014 BX64 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | cubewano | 336 | ||||
2014 GU53 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | 4:7 resonant | 336 | ||||
2014 FJ72 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | SDO | 336 | ||||
2013 CD223 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | 2:3 resonant | 336 | ||||
2011 HP83 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | SDO | 336 | ||||
2012 XR157 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | 1:2 resonant | 336 | ||||
2012 BW154 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | cubewano | 336 | ||||
2014 WY509 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | cubewano | 336 | ||||
2014 YK50 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | SDO | 336 | ||||
2015 FL345 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | cubewano | 336 | ||||
2014 MH70 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | 2:3 resonant | 336 | ||||
2014 UO224 | 5.8 | 336 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | 3:5 resonant | 336 | ||||
2014 OE394 | 4.8 | 331 | 20 | 4.6 | 160 | 799 | cubewano | 331 | ||||
2001 QC298 | 6.5 | 331 | 4 | 6.3 | 73 | 365 | cubewano | 331 | ||||
(148209) 2000 CR105 | 6.5 | 331 | 4 | 6.3 | 73 | 365 | detached | 331 | ||||
2001 KA77 | 5.6 | 324 | 10 | 5 | 133 | 665 | cubewano | 324 | ||||
(307251) 2002 KW14 | 5.9 | 322 | 8 | 5.6 | 101 | 504 | cubewano | 322 | ||||
2003 UB292 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2001 RU143 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | 2:3 resonant | 321 | ||||
(79978) 1999 CC158 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | SDO | 321 | ||||
(471150) 2010 FC49 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | 2:3 resonant | 321 | ||||
2008 SP266 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2010 VL201 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2010 SS43 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2010 PT66 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | SDO | 321 | ||||
2010 PU75 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | SDO | 321 | ||||
2010 RD188 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2014 OH394 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2014 OP394 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | SDO | 321 | ||||
2014 LT28 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2014 UP224 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2014 UV224 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | SDO | 321 | ||||
2014 QZ441 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | 3:5 resonant | 321 | ||||
2015 BT518 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2015 BD519 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | 2:5 resonant | 321 | ||||
2014 YB50 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | 3:5 resonant | 321 | ||||
2014 WT69 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2014 WU509 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2014 WF509 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2012 UB178 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | 3:5 resonant | 321 | ||||
2011 UT410 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | 2:3 resonant | 321 | ||||
2013 EC138 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2013 EJ154 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2013 PX74 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | 2:3 resonant | 321 | ||||
2014 HF200 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | SDO | 321 | ||||
2014 HW199 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2014 JU80 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | SDO | 321 | ||||
2014 DE143 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2015 OV79 | 5.9 | 321 | 8 | 5.7 | 96 | 481 | cubewano | 321 | ||||
2004 OJ14 | 6.6 | 317 | 4 | 6.4 | 70 | 349 | 2:5 resonant | 317 | ||||
(470316) 2007 OC10 | 5.4 | 315 | 13 | 5 | 133 | 665 | SDO | 315 | ||||
2007 VK305 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2008 AQ118 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2007 TB418 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | 2:5 resonant | 307 | ||||
2007 LF38 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2005 RP43 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
(469615) 2004 PT107 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2000 AF255 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2002 GF32 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | 2:3 resonant | 307 | ||||
(472232) 2014 FW71 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2013 LY35 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2013 JH64 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2013 FB28 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2011 VJ24 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | 2:3 resonant | 307 | ||||
2012 DW98 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2013 AR183 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2014 XV40 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2015 BP518 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | 4:7 resonant | 307 | ||||
2015 BQ518 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2014 TA86 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | 3:5 resonant | 307 | ||||
2014 WD510 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2014 UH192 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2014 KW101 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2014 NZ65 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | 4:7 resonant | 307 | ||||
2014 MB70 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2014 MG70 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2014 OS394 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2014 QC442 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | SDO | 307 | ||||
2014 OF394 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2016 FW59 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | cubewano | 307 | ||||
2016 FX58 | 6 | 307 | 8 | 5.8 | 92 | 460 | 4:7 resonant | 307 | ||||
2000 CP104 | 6.7 | 303 | 4 | 6.5 | 67 | 333 | cubewano | 303 | ||||
2005 SD278 | 6.7 | 303 | 4 | 6.5 | 67 | 333 | 2:5 resonant | 303 | ||||
(474640) 2004 VN112 | 6.7 | 303 | 4 | 6.5 | 67 | 333 | detached | 303 |
- ↑ The measured diameter, else Brown's estimated diameter, else the diameter calculated from H using an assumed albedo of 8%.
- ↑ Diameters with the text in red indicate that Brown's bot derived them from heuristically expected albedo.
- ↑ The geometric albedo is calculated from the measured absolute magnitude and measured diameter via the formula:
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Mike Brown. "The Dwarf Planets". Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ↑ "Today we know of more than a dozen dwarf planets in the solar system [and] it is estimated that the ultimate number of dwarf planets we will discover in the Kuiper Belt and beyond may well exceed 10,000".The PI's Perspective
- ↑ Dan Bruton. "Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter for Minor Planets". Department of Physics & Astronomy (Stephen F. Austin State University). Retrieved 2008-06-13.
- ↑ "IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes". International Astronomical Union. 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- ↑ "Dwarf Planets". NASA. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
- ↑ "Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto" (Press release).
- ↑ Savage, Don; Jones, Tammy; Villard, Ray (1995-04-19). "Asteroid or Mini-Planet? Hubble Maps the Ancient Surface of Vesta". Hubble Site News Release STScI-1995-20. Retrieved 2006-10-17.
- ↑
- ↑ http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/dps15-1112-ceres.html
- 1 2 Tancredi, G. (2010). "Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy "dwarf planets" (plutoids)". Icy Bodies of the Solar System: Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 263, 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 Michael E. Brown. "How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? (updates daily)". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
- ↑ "AstDys (47171) 1999TC36 Ephemerides". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
- ↑ "List Of Trans-Neptunian Objects". Minor Planet Center.
- ↑ "List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects". Minor Planet Center.
External links
- How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? (updates daily) (Mike Brown)
- Details on the dwarf planet size calculations (Mike Brown)
- Which are the Dwarfs in the Solar System? Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. Icarus, Volume 195, Issue 2, p. 851–862.
- NASA JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine