Darwin's rhea

Darwin's rhea
At Zurich Zoo, Switzerland
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Rheiformes
Family: Rheidae
Genus: Rhea
Species: R. pennata
Binomial name
Rhea pennata
d'Orbigny, 1834[2]
Subspecies

R. p. garleppi (Chubb, 1913)[3]
R. p. tarapacensis (Chubb, 1913)[3]
R. p. pennata (d'Orbigny, 1834)[3]

Synonyms

Rhea darwinii
Rhea macrorhyncha
Pterocnemia pennata
Pterocnemia darwinii
Rhea darwinii[4]
Rhea nana
Pterocnemia tarapacensis garleppi[4]

Darwin's rhea (Rhea pennata), also known as the lesser rhea, is a large flightless bird, but the smaller of the two extant species of rheas. It is found in the Altiplano and Patagonia in South America.

Description

The lesser rhea stands at 90 to 100 cm (35–39 in) tall. Length is 92 to 100 cm (36–39 in) and weight is 15 to 28.6 kg (33–63 lb).[2][5] Like most ratites, it has a small head and a small bill, the latter measuring 6.2 to 9.2 cm (2.4 to 3.6 in), but has long legs and a long neck. It has relatively larger wings than other ratites, enabling it to run particularly well. It can reach speeds of 60 km/h (37 mph), enabling it to outrun predators. The sharp claws on the toes are effective weapons. Their feathers are similar to those of ostriches, in that they have no aftershaft.[6] Their plumage is spotted brown and white, and the upper part of their tarsus is feathered.[2] The tarsus is 28 to 32 cm (11 to 13 in) long and has 18 horizontal plates on the front.[2]

Etymology

It's known as ñandú petiso, or ñandú del norte in Argentina where the majority live. Other names are suri and choique. The name 'ñandú' comes from the greater rhea's name in Guaraní, ñandú guazu, meaning big spider, possibly in relation to their habit of opening and lowering alternatively wings when they run. In English, Darwin's rhea gets its scientific name from Rhea, a Greek goddess, and pennata means winged. The specific name was bestowed in 1834 by Darwin's contemporary and rival Alcide d'Orbigny who first described the bird to Europeans, from a specimen from the lower Río Negro south of Buenos Aires, Argentina.[2][7] As late as 2008, it was classified in the monotypic genus Pterocnemia. This word is formed from two Greek words pteron, meaning feathers, and knēmē, meaning the leg between the knee and the ankle, hence feather-legged, alluding to their feathers that cover the top part of the leg.[8] In 2008, the SACC subsumed Pterocnemia into the genus Rhea.[9]

Taxonomy

There are three subspecies:

It has been suggested that the two northern taxa R. p. tarapacensis and R. p. garleppi should be considered a separate species, the puna rhea (R. tarapacensis, with garleppi as a subspecies).[11] Both garleppi and tarapacensis were described by Charles Chubb in 1913.[3] It is possible garleppi should be considered a junior synonym of tarapacensis.

Behavior

Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden, Germany

The lesser rhea is mainly an herbivore, with the odd small animal (lizards, beetles, grasshoppers). It predominately eats saltbush and fruits from cacti, as well grasses.[2] They tend to be quiet birds, except as chicks when they whistle mournfully, and as males looking for a female, when they emit a booming call.[2]

The males of this species become aggressive once they are incubating eggs. The females thus lay the later eggs near the nest, rather than in it. Most of the eggs are moved into the nest by the male, but some remain outside, where they rot and attract flies. The male, and later the chicks, eat these flies. The incubation period is 30–44 days, and the clutch size is from 5–55 eggs. The eggs are 87 to 126 mm (3.4–5.0 in) and are greenish yellow.[2] Chicks mature by three years of age. Outside the breeding season, Darwin's rhea is quite sociable: it lives in groups of from 5 to 30 birds, of both sexes and a variety of ages.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Darwin's rhea lives in areas of open scrub in the grasslands of Patagonia and on the Andean plateau (the Altiplano), through the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.[1] All subspecies prefer grasslands, brushlands and marshland. However, the nominate subspecies prefers elevations less than 1,500 m (4,900 ft), where the other subspecies typically range from 3,000 to 4,500 m (9,800–14,800 ft), but locally down to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in the south.[12]

History of the discovery of the genus Rhea

Illustration of Darwin's rhea, published in 1841 in John Gould's description of birds collected on the voyage of HMS Beagle

During the second voyage of HMS Beagle, the young naturalist Charles Darwin made many trips on land, and around August 1833 heard from gauchos in the Río Negro area of Northern Patagonia about the existence of a smaller rhea, "a very rare bird which they called the Avestruz Petise". He continued searching fruitlessly for this bird, and the Beagle sailed south, putting in at Port Desire in southern Patagonia on 23 December. On the following day, Darwin shot a guanaco which provided them with a Christmas meal, and in the first days of January, the artist Conrad Martens shot a rhea which they enjoyed eating before Darwin realised that this was the elusive smaller rhea rather than a juvenile, and preserved the head, neck, legs, one wing, and many of the larger feathers. As with his other collections, these were sent to John Stevens Henslow in Cambridge. On 26 January, they entered the Straits of Magellan and at St. Gregory's Bay Darwin met Patagonians he described as "excellent practical naturalists". A half Indian, who had been born in the Northern Provinces, told him that the smaller rheas were the only species this far south, while the larger rheas kept to the north. On an expedition up the Santa Cruz River, they saw several of the smaller rheas, which were too wary to be approached closely or caught.[13]

In 1837, the Darwin's rhea was described as Rhea darwinii (later synomized with R. pennata) by the ornithologist John Gould in a presentation to the Zoological Society of London in which he was followed by Darwin reading a paper on the eggs and distribution of the two species of rheas.[14]

When Gould classified the Darwin's rhea and the greater rhea as separate species, he confirmed a serious problem for Darwin. These birds mainly live in different parts of Patagonia, but there is also an overlapping zone where the two species coexist. As every living being had been created in a fixed form, as accepted by the science of his time, they could only change their appearance by a perfect adaptation to their way of life, but would still be the same species. But now he had to deal with two different species. This started to form his idea that species were not fixed at all, but that another mechanism might be at work.[15]

Conservation

Darwin's rhea is Near Threatened, with the primary threats being hunting, egg-collecting, and fragmentation of its habitat due to conversion to farmland or pastures for cattle-grazing.[1][2] The total range is estimated at 1,100,000 km2 (420,000 sq mi).[12] The southern nominate subspecies remains relatively widespread and locally fairly common, but the situation for the two northern subspecies is more worrying, with their combined population estimated as being in the hundreds.[1]

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Symes, A. & Butchart, S.(2008)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Brands, S. (2008)
  4. 1 2 Peters, James L. (1979)
  5. ↑ Elliott, Andrew (1992)
  6. ↑ Perrins, C. (1987)
  7. ↑ Krulwich, R. (2009)
  8. ↑ Gotch, A.T. (1995)
  9. ↑ Nores, M. (2008)
  10. 1 2 Clements, J (2007)
  11. 1 2 Jaramillo et al. (2003)
  12. 1 2 BirdLife International (2008)
  13. ↑ Barlow 1963, pp. 271–5.
  14. ↑ Darwin, C (1837)
  15. ↑ Herbert, S (1980)

References

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