Reticulated flatwoods salamander
| Reticulated flatwoods salamander | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Lissamphibia |
| Order: | Caudata |
| Family: | Ambystomatidae |
| Genus: | Ambystoma |
| Species: | A. bishopi |
| Binomial name | |
| Ambystoma bishopi (Pauly, 2007) | |
The reticulated flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma bishopi) is a species of mole salamander that is native to a small portion of the southeastern coastal plain in the western panhandle of Florida and extreme southwestern Georgia. The species once occurred in portions of southern Alabama but is now considered extirpated there. Its ecology and life history are nearly identical to its sister species, the frosted flatwoods salamander (A. cingulatum). It inhabits seasonally wet pine flatwoods and pine savannas west of the Apalachicola River-Flint River system.[2] The fire ecology of longleaf pine savannas is well-known, but there is less information on natural fire frequencies of wetland habitats in this region.[3] Like the Frosted Flatwoods Salamander, this salamander breeds in ephemeral wetlands with extensive emergent vegetation, probably maintained by summer fires.[4] Wetlands overgrown with woody shrubs are less likely to support breeding populations.[5]
Description
Ambystoma bishopi is a medium-sized species with a snout to vent length of 40 to 50 millimetres (1.6 to 2.0 in) and 14 to 16 costal grooves. The head is long with a tapered snout and there are vomerine teeth in the roof of the mouth. The forelimbs are stout and the tail is flattened towards the tip, being shorter than the head and body length combined. The skin is smooth and the dorsal surface is reticulated, with thin grey lines forming a net-like pattern on a brownish-black background. The ventral surface is dark with sparse white speckles. This salamander is similar in appearance to Ambystoma cingulatum but the latter has a more frosted dorsal pattern and larger white spots on the ventral surface.[6]
Distribution and habitat
Ambystoma bishopi is a burrowing species of salamander and lives among the leaf litter beneath longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and wiregrass (Aristida stricta) in the flatwoods coastal plain ecosystems of the Southeastern United States.[1]
Biology
Ambystoma bishopi is a terrestrial species. Breeding starts with the arrival of the rains in October. Eggs are laid under the leaf litter or beneath logs, in the entrances of crayfish holes or in other hidden places near ponds. After about three weeks they are ready to hatch but do not do so until they are flooded with water. The larvae are nocturnal, hiding during the day in the leaf litter and emerging to feed in the water at night. Metamorphosis usually takes place in the spring and mature individuals move to higher areas away from water where they live until the fall, when they return to flooded areas to breed.[6]
Status
The species was described in 2007 and received endangered status by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in 2008.[7] In its Red List of Threatened Species, the IUCN lists Ambystoma bishopi as being "vulnerable". This is because the population trend is downward, as a result of habitat destruction and an increase in undergrowth.[1]
References
- 1 2 3 John Palis; Geoffrey Hammerson (2004). "Ambystoma bishopi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ↑ Pauly, Gregory; Oliver Piskurek; Bradley Shaffer (2007). "Phylogeographic concordance in the southeastern United States: the flatwoods salamander, Ambystoma cingulatum, as a test case". Molecular Ecology. 16 (2): 415–429. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03149.x. PMID 17217354.
- ↑ Frost, C.C. Presettlement fire regimes in southeastern marshes, peatlands, and swamps. Pages 39-60 in S. I. Cerulean and R. T. Engstrom, eds. Fire in Wetlands: A Management Perspective. Proceedings of the 19th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Tallahassee, FL, November 3–6, 1993.
- ↑ Bishop, D.C.; Haas, C.A. (2005). "Burning trends and potential negative effects of suppressing wetland fires on flatwoods salamanders." (pdf). Natural Areas Journal. 25: 290–294.
- ↑ Gorman, T.A.; Bishop, D.C.; Haas, C.A. (2009). "Factors related to occupancy of breeding wetlands by flatwoods salamander larvae." (pdf). Wetlands. 29: 323–329.
- 1 2 Jennifer McKenzie; K. Martin Perales; Veronica Corbett (2012-03-15). "Ambystoma bishopi". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
- ↑ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Endangered Status for Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander; Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat for Frosted Flatwoods Salamander and Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander; Proposed Rule" (PDF). Federal Register. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 73 (157). 2008-08-13.