Riders to the Sea
Riders to the Sea is a play written by Irish Literary Renaissance playwright John Millington Synge. It was first performed on 25 February 1904 at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin, by the Irish National Theater Society. A one-act tragedy, the play is set in the Aran Islands, Inishmaan, and like all of Synge's plays it is noted for capturing the poetic dialogue of rural Ireland. The plot is based not on the traditional conflict of human wills but on the hopeless struggle of a people against the impersonal but relentless cruelty of the sea.
Background
In 1897, J. M. Synge was encouraged by his friend and colleague William Butler Yeats to visit the Aran islands. He went on to spend the summers from 1898 to 1903 there. While on the Aran island of Inishmaan, Synge heard the story of a man from Inishmaan whose body washed up on the shore of the island of Donegal, which inspired Riders to the Sea.
Riders to the Sea is written in the dialect of the Aran islands: Hyberno-English. (Synge's use of native Irish/Gaelic language is part of the Irish Literary Renaissance, a period when Irish literature looked to encourage pride and nationalism in Ireland.)
Important characters
- Maurya: Grief-stricken widow and mother of eight children Cathleen, Nora, Bartley, Shawn, Sheamus, Stephen, Patch, and Michael.
- Cathleen: Maurya's eldest daughter, tries to keep her mother from dying from grief by identifying her deceased brother Michael's clothing.
- Nora: Maurya's youngest daughter, helps her sister with their mother.
- Bartley: Maurya's youngest and only living son, has died by the end of the play.
- Maurya's sons Shawn, Sheamus, Stephen, Patch, and Michael, as well as Maurya's husband are all deceased when the play begins.
- There is also a priest character who is never seen but is quoted by Cathleen and Nora in the beginning of the play.
Plot synopsis
Maurya has lost her husband, and five of her sons to the sea. As the play begins Nora and Cathleen receive word from the priest that a body, that may be their brother Michael, has washed up on shore in Donegal, the island farthest north of their home island of Inishmaan. Bartley is planning to sail to Connemara to sell a horse, and ignores Maurya's pleas to stay. He leaves gracefully. Maurya predicts that by nightfall she will have no living sons, and her daughters chide her for sending Bartley off with an ill word. Maurya goes after Bartley to bless his voyage, and Nora and Cathleen receive clothing from the drowned corpse that confirms it is their brother. Maurya returns home claiming to have seen the ghost of Michael riding behind Bartley and begins lamenting the loss of the men in her family to the sea, after which some villagers bring in the corpse of Bartley, who has fallen off his horse into the sea and drowned.
This speech of Maurya's is famous in Irish drama:
(raising her head and speaking as if she did not see the people around her) They're all gone now, and there isn't anything more the sea can do to me.... I'll have no call now to be up crying and praying when the wind breaks from the south, and you can hear the surf is in the east, and the surf is in the west, making a great stir with the two noises, and they hitting one on the other. I'll have no call now to be going down and getting Holy Water in the dark nights after Samhain, and I won't care what way the sea is when the other women will be keening. (To Nora) Give me the Holy Water, Nora; there's a small sup still on the dresser.
Themes
The pervading theme of this work is the subtle paganism Synge observed in the people of rural Ireland. Following his dismissal of Christianity, Synge found that the predominantly Roman Catholic Ireland still retained many of the folktales and superstitions were born out of the old Celtic paganism. This play is an examination of that idea as he has a set of deeply religious characters find themselves at odds with an unbeatable force of nature (this being the sea). While the family is clearly Catholic, they still find themselves wary of the supernatural characteristics of natural elements, an idea very present in Celtic paganism.
Other versions
Cinema
At least two motion picture versions of the play have been made:
- One of the earliest examples of Irish film in 1935 a 40-minute black-and-white movie directed by Brian Desmond Hurst with screenplay adaptation by Patrick Kirwan with Sara Allgood and, notably, Synge's bereaved fiancée Marie O'Neill. Hurst had been mentored in Hollywood by John Ford and Ruth Barton describes scenes in the film as "remarkably Fordian".
- A 1987 47-minute colour movie directed and adapted by Ronan O'Leary with Geraldine Page.
Opera
The composer Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958) made an almost verbatim setting of the play as an opera, using the same title (1927).
Bruce Montgomery (1927–2008) wrote a light opera, Spindrift (1963), that was based on Riders to the Sea.
German composer Eduard Pütz (1911–2000) also set the play as an opera, using the same title (1972).
American composer Marga Richter (born 1926) also set the play as a one-act opera, using the same title (1996).
Dance
Mary Anthony's piece titled Threnody
French version
The play has been translated in French by Georgette Sable and it has been published by Anthropomare[1]
Other translations include: À cheval vers la mer (Riders to the Sea, 1903 ; 1904) translated by Maurice Bourgeois,[2] Cavaliers à la mer, translated by Fouad El-Etr,[3] and Cavaliers vers la mer (combined with L’Ombre de la vallée), translated by Françoise Morvan.[4]
Notes
- ↑ http://www.anthropomare.com/liste_publications_riders_to_the_sea.html
- ↑ Théâtre. [Paris], Éditions Gallimard, 1942 ; rééditions : [Paris], Librairie théâtrale, « Éducation et théâtre. Théâtre de répertoire » n° 18, 1954, 1978, 16 p.,
- ↑ illustrations de Roland Topor. [Paris], Éditions La Délirante, 1975, 1978, édition revue, illustrations de Sam Szafran, 1982, 48 p,
- ↑ illustrations de Jack B. Yeats. [Bedée] Éditions Folle avoine, 1993, 96 p., 13.72 € ; réédition dans Théâtre complet. [Arles], Éditions Actes Sud, « Babel » n° 199, 1996, 324 p.
References
- Synge, J.M. The Complete Plays. New York: Vintage Books, 1935.
-
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Riders to the Sea". Encyclopedia Americana. - Ruckenstein, Lelia and James A. O'Malley. "Irish Revival; John Millington Synge; "Everything Irish: The History, Literature, Art, Music, People and Places of Ireland, from A-Z. New York: Ballantine, 2003,
- Donnelly, James S. "Drama, Modern; Literary Renaissance (Celtic Revival);" Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2004.
- Bourgeois, Maurice. John Millington Synge and the Irish Theatre. Bronx, NY: B. Blom, 1965.
External links
- Riders to the Sea Full text of the play.
- Official legacy website of the director with filmography including Riders to the Sea