Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Assumed office
August 10, 1993
Nominated by Bill Clinton
Preceded by Byron White
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
In office
June 30, 1980 – August 10, 1993
Nominated by Jimmy Carter
Preceded by Harold Leventhal
Succeeded by David Tatel
Personal details
Born Ruth Joan Bader
(1933-03-15) March 15, 1933
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political party Democratic[1]
Spouse(s) Martin Ginsburg
(m. 1954; death 2010)
Children
Alma mater Cornell University
Columbia University
Religion Judaism
Signature

Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and one of three female justices currently serving on the Supreme Court (along with Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan).[2]

She is generally viewed as belonging to the liberal wing of the Court. Before becoming a judge, Ginsburg spent a considerable portion of her legal career as an advocate for the advancement of women's rights as a constitutional principle. She advocated as a volunteer lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union and was a member of its board of directors and one of its general counsel in the 1970s. She was a professor at Rutgers School of Law–Newark and Columbia Law School. In 1980, President Jimmy Carter appointed her to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

Early life and education

Born in Brooklyn, New York City, Ruth Joan Bader is the second daughter of Nathan and Celia (née Amster) Bader, Russian Jewish immigrants, who lived in the Flatbush neighborhood.[3] The Baders' older daughter, Marylin, died at age 6 when Ruth was still young.[4][5] The family nicknamed Ruth "Kiki".[6] They belonged to the East Midwood Jewish Center. At age thirteen, Ruth acted as the "camp rabbi" at a Jewish summer program at Camp Che-Na-Wah in Minerva, New York.[6]

Her mother took an active role in her education, taking her to the library often.[6] Celia had been a good student in her youth, graduating from high school at age 15, yet could not further her own education because her family chose to send her brother to college instead. Celia wanted to see her daughter get more of an education, which she thought would allow Bader to become a high school history teacher.[7] Bader attended James Madison High School, whose law program later dedicated a courtroom in her honor. Her mother struggled with cancer throughout Bader's high school years and died the day before her graduation.[6]

Bader attended Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where she was a member of Alpha Epsilon Phi.[8] While at Cornell she met Martin D. Ginsburg at age 17.[7] She graduated from Cornell with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government on June 23, 1954.[8] Bader married Martin Ginsburg a month after her graduation from Cornell, and followed her new husband to Fort Sill, Oklahoma where he was stationed as an ROTC Officer in the Army Reserve called up for active duty.[7][9][10] At age 21, she worked for the Social Security office in Oklahoma where she was demoted after becoming pregnant with her first child.[5] She gave birth to a daughter in 1955.[5]

In fall 1956, she enrolled at Harvard Law School, where she was one of nine women in a class of about 500.[11][12] Erwin Griswold, the Dean of Harvard Law reportedly asked the female law students, including Ginsburg, “How do you justify taking a spot from a qualified man?”[7] When her husband took a job in New York City, she transferred to Columbia Law School and became the first woman to be on two major law reviews, the Harvard Law Review and the Columbia Law Review. In 1959 she earned her Bachelor of Laws at Columbia and tied for first in her class.[6][13]

Early career

At the start of her legal career, Ginsburg faced difficulty finding employment being a wife, a mother of a five-year-old daughter, and Jewish.[14][15][16] In 1960, despite a strong recommendation from Albert Martin Sacks, a professor and later dean of Harvard Law School, Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter turned down Ginsburg for a clerkship position because of her gender.[17][18][lower-alpha 1] Later that year, Ginsburg began a clerkship for Judge Edmund L. Palmieri of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, a position she held for two years.[5][6]

Academia

From 1961 to 1963, she was a research associate and then associate director of the Columbia Law School Project on International Procedure, learning Swedish to co-author a book with Anders Bruzelius on civil procedure in Sweden.[19][20] Ginsburg conducted extensive research for her book at Lund University in Sweden.[21] Ginsburg's time in Sweden also influenced her thinking on gender equality. Ginsburg was inspired observing the changes in Sweden where women were 20-25% of all law students and one of the judges Ginsburg watched for her research was eight-months pregnant and still working.[7]

Her first position as a professor came at Rutgers Law School in 1963.[22] The position was not without its drawbacks; Ginsburg was informed she would be paid less than her male colleagues because she had a husband with a good paying job.[16] At the time Ginsburg entered academia, she was one of fewer than twenty female law professors in the United States.[22] She was a professor of law, mainly Civil Procedure, at Rutgers from 1963 to 1972, receiving tenure from the school in 1969.[23][24] In 1970 she co-founded the Women's Rights Law Reporter, the first law journal in the U.S. to focus exclusively on women's rights.[25] From 1972 until 1980, she taught at Columbia, where she became the first tenured woman and co-authored the first law school casebook on sex discrimination.[24]

Litigation and advocacy

In 1972, Ginsburg co-founded the Women's Rights Project at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and, in 1973, she became the ACLU's General Counsel.[26] The Women's Rights Project and related ACLU projects participated in over 300 gender discrimination cases by 1974. As the director of the ACLU's Women's Rights Project, she argued six gender discrimination cases before the Supreme Court between 1973 and 1976, winning five.[27] Rather than asking the Court to end all gender discrimination at once, Ginsburg charted a strategic course, taking aim at specific discriminatory statues and building on each successive victory.[24] She also chose plaintiffs carefully, at times picking male plaintiffs to demonstrate that gender discrimination was harmful to women and men[24][27] The laws Ginsburg targeted include those which on the surface appeared beneficial to women but in fact reinforced the notion that women needed to be dependent on men.[27] Her strategic advocacy extended to word choice, favoring the use of "gender" instead of "sex," after her secretary suggested the word sex would serve as a distraction to judges.[24] She attained a reputation as a skilled oral advocate and her work directly led to the end of gender discrimination in many areas of the law.[28]

Ginsburg volunteered to write the brief for Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971), wherein the Supreme Court extended the protections of the Equal Protection Clause to women for the first time.[24][29][lower-alpha 2] She argued and won Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), which challenged a statute making it more difficult for a female service member to claim an increased housing allowance for her husband than for a male service member seeking the same allowance for his wife. Ginsburg argued the statute treated women as inferior, and the Supreme Court ruled 8-1 in Ginsburg's favor.[27] The Court again ruled in Ginsburg's favor in Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U.S. 636 (1975), where Ginsburg represented a widower denied survivor benefits under Social Security, arguing it discriminated against female workers the same protection as their male counterparts.[31] Ginsburg filed a brief for the case Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976), challenging an Oklahoma statute imposing different minimum drinking ages for men and women. The Court imposed what is known as "intermediate scrutiny" on laws discriminating based on gender, that is the government needed to show an compelling interest in imposing the gender based classification.[27] Her last case as a lawyer before the Court was 1978's Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 (1979), which challenged the validity of voluntary jury duty for women. In Ginsburg's view, women's participation in a government service as vital as jury duty should not be optional. At the end of Ginsburg's oral presentation, then-Associate Justice William Rehnquist asked Ginsburg, "You won't settle for putting Susan B. Anthony on the new dollar, then?"[32] Ginsburg said she considered responding "We won't settle for tokens," but instead opted not to answer the question.[32] Although Ginsburg never received a seminal ruling banning all gender based discrimination, her legal scholars and advocates credit Ginsburg with significant legal advances for women under Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution and discouraged legislatures from treating women and men differently under the law.[24][27][31] Ginsburg continued to work on the ACLU's Women's Rights Project until her appointment to the Federal Bench in 1980.[24]

Judicial career

Ginsburg officially accepts the nomination from President Bill Clinton on June 14, 1993.

U.S. Court of Appeals

President Jimmy Carter appointed Ginsburg to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on April 14, 1980, to the seat of recently deceased judge Harold Leventhal.[33] She served there for 13 years, until joining the Supreme Court.[34] During her time as a judge on the DC Circuit, Ginsburg often found consensus with her colleagues, including conservatives Robert H. Bork and Antonin Scalia.[35][36] Her time on the court earned her a reputation as a "cautious jurist" and a moderate.[37]

Supreme Court

Swearing-In of Ginsburg as Associate Supreme Court Justice by Chief Justice Rehnquist with President Clinton

Nomination and confirmation

Commissioned portrait of Ginsburg in 2000

President Bill Clinton nominated her as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on June 14, 1993, to fill the seat vacated by retiring Justice Byron White. Ginsburg was recommended to Clinton by then-U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno[13] after a suggestion by Utah Republican Senator Orrin Hatch.[38] At the time of her nomination, Ginsburg was viewed as a moderate. President Clinton was reportedly looking to increase the Court's diversity, which Ginsburg did as the first Jewish justice since the 1969 retirement of Justice Abe Fortas and as only the second female appointee.[37][39] The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rated Ginsburg as "well qualified," its highest possible rating for a prospective justice.[40]

During her subsequent testimony before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee as part of the confirmation hearings, she refused to answer questions regarding her view on the constitutionality of some issues, such as the death penalty. Ginsburg declined to give her view on the constitutionality of the death penalty, as it was an issue which she might have to vote on if it came before the court.[41]

At the same time, Ginsburg did answer questions relating to some potentially controversial issues. For instance, she affirmed her belief in a constitutional right to privacy and explicated at some length on her personal judicial philosophy and thoughts regarding gender equality.[42] Ginsburg was more forthright in discussing her views on topics about which she had previously written. The U.S. Senate confirmed her by a 96 to 3 vote[lower-alpha 3] and she took her judicial oath on August 10, 1993.[44]

Ginsburg's name was later invoked during the confirmation process of John Roberts. Ginsburg herself was not the first nominee to avoid answering certain specific questions before Congress,[lower-alpha 4] and as a young lawyer in 1981 John Roberts had advised against Supreme Court nominees giving specific responses. Nevertheless, some conservative commentators and Senators invoked the phrase "Ginsburg precedent" to defend Roberts demurrers.[40][45] In a September 28, 2005, speech at Wake Forest University, Ginsburg said that Roberts' refusal to answer questions during his Senate confirmation hearings on some cases was "unquestionably right".[46]

Supreme Court jurisprudence

(left to right) Sandra Day O'Connor, Sonia Sotomayor, Ginsburg, and Elena Kagan on October 1, 2010

Ginsburg characterizes her performance on the Court as a cautious approach to adjudication. She argued in a speech shortly before her nomination to the Court that "[m]easured motions seem to me right, in the main, for constitutional as well as common law adjudication. Doctrinal limbs too swiftly shaped, experience teaches, may prove unstable."[47]

With the retirement of Justice Stevens, Ginsburg became the senior member of what is sometimes referred to as the Court's "liberal wing."[24][48][49] When the Court splits 5-4 along ideological lines and the liberal justices are in the minority, Ginsburg has the authority to assign authorship of the dissenting opinion.[48] Ginsburg has been a proponent of the liberal dissenters speaking "with one voice" and, where practicable, presenting a unified approach to which all of the dissenting justices can agree.[24][48]

Although Ginsburg has consistently supported abortion rights and joined in the Court's opinion striking down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion law in Stenberg v. Carhart 530 U.S. 914 (2000), on the fortieth anniversary of the Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 (1973), she criticized the decision as terminating a nascent democratic movement to liberalize abortion laws which might have built a more durable consensus in support of abortion rights.[50]

She discussed her views on abortion rights and sexual equality in a 2009 New York Times interview, in which she said regarding abortion that "[t]he basic thing is that the government has no business making that choice for a woman."[51] One statement she made during the interview ("Frankly, I had thought at the time Roe was decided, there was concern about population growth and particularly growth in populations that we don't want to have too many of.")[51] was criticized by conservative commentator Michael Gerson as reflecting an "attitude...that abortion is economically important to a 'woman of means' and useful in reducing the number of social undesirables."[52]

Ginsburg has also been an advocate for using foreign law and norms to shape U.S. law in judicial opinions, a view not shared by some of her conservative colleagues. Ginsburg supports using foreign interpretations of law for the persuasive value and possible wisdom, not as precedent which the court is bound to follow.[53] Ginsburg has expressed the view that looking to international law is well ingrained in tradition in American law, counting John Henry Wigmore and President John Adams as internationalists.[54] Ginsburg's own reliance on international law dates back to her time as an attorney as during her first argument before the court, 1971's Reed v. Reed, she cited to two German cases.[55] In her concurring opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger, a decision upholding Michigan Law School's affirmative action admissions policy, Ginsburg noted there was accord between the notion that affirmative action admissions policies would have an end point and international treaties designed to combat racial and gender based discrimination.[54]

Notable cases

Other activities

Ginsburg administered, at his request, Vice President Al Gore's oath of office to a second term during the second presidential inauguration of Clinton on January 20, 1997.[56] Ginsburg was only the third woman to administer an inaugural oath of office.[57]

In January 2012, Ginsburg went to Egypt for four days of discussions with judges, law school faculty, law school students, and legal experts. Part of the purpose of her visit was to "listen and learn" as Egypt began its constitutional transition to democracy. She also answered questions about the American justice system and the American Constitution. Ginsburg told students at Cairo University that she was "inspired" by the Egyptian revolution.[58][59]

In an interview with Alhayat TV, she stated that the first requirement of a new constitution should be that it "safeguard basic fundamental human rights, like our First Amendment". Asked if Egypt should model its new constitution on those of other nations, she said Egypt should be "aided by all Constitution-writing that has gone on since the end of World War II", adding, "I would not look to the U.S. Constitution, if I were drafting a Constitution in the year 2012. I might look at the Constitution of South Africa. That was a deliberate attempt to have a fundamental instrument of government that embraced basic human rights, had an independent judiciary. ... It really is, I think, a great piece of work that was done. Much more recent than the U.S. Constitution." She said the U.S. was fortunate to have a constitution authored by "very wise" men but pointed out that in the 1780s no women were able to participate in the process and slavery still existed in the U.S.[60]

On August 31, 2013, Ginsburg officiated at the same-sex wedding of Kennedy Center President Michael Kaiser and John Roberts, a government economist. This is believed to be a first for a Supreme Court justice.[61]

During three separate interviews conducted in July 2016, Ginsburg criticized the then-presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, telling The New York Times and the Associated Press she did not want to think about the possibility of a Trump Presidency and joking she might consider moving to New Zealand.[62][63] She later apologized for criticizing the presumptive Republican nominee, calling her remarks "ill-advised".[64]

Ginsburg's first book, My Own Words, was published by Simon & Schuster, released October 4, 2016.[65] During an interview with Katie Couric promoting her book in October 2016, Ginsburg criticized Colin Kaepernick for not standing for the National Anthem at sporting events. She called the protest "really dumb." She later apologized for her criticism, calling her prior comments "inappropriately dismissive and harsh" and noting she had not been familiar with the incident and should have declined to respond to the question.[66][67][68]

Personal life

A few days after graduating from Cornell, Ruth Bader married Martin D. Ginsburg, later an internationally prominent tax lawyer, and then (after they moved from New York to Washington DC, upon her accession to the D.C. Circuit) professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center. Their daughter Jane Ginsburg (born 1955) is a professor at Columbia Law School. Their son James Steven Ginsburg (born 1965) is founder and president of Cedille Records, a classical-music recording company based in Chicago, Illinois. Ginsburg is also a grandmother of four.[69]

After the birth of their daughter, her husband was diagnosed with testicular cancer. During this period, Ginsburg attended class and took notes for both of them, typed her husband's papers to his dictation, and cared for their daughter and her sick husband – all while making the Harvard Law Review. They celebrated their 56th wedding anniversary on June 23, 2010. Martin Ginsburg died of complications from metastatic cancer on June 27, 2010.[70] They spoke publicly of being in shared earning/shared parenting marriage, including in a speech Martin Ginsburg wrote and had intended to give prior to his death and Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivered posthumously.[71]

Although raised in a Jewish home, Ginsburg became non-observant when she was excluded from the minyan for mourners following the death of her mother. There was a "house full of women," but Ginsburg, as a woman, was excluded. Orthodox Judaism requires that 10 Bar Mitzvahed men be present for a minyan and women are excluded from being counted. She notes that her attitude might be different now, following her attendance at a bat mitzvah ceremony in a more liberal stream of Judaism, where the rabbi and cantor were both women.[72] In March 2015 Ginsburg, along with Rabbi Holtzblatt, released "The Heroic and Visionary Women of Passover", an essay highlighting the roles of five key women in the saga: "These women had a vision leading out of the darkness shrouding their world. They were women of action, prepared to defy authority to make their vision a reality bathed in the light of the day.[73] In addition, she decorates her chambers with the phrase from Deuteronomy: "Tzedek, tzedek, tirdof" (Justice, justice shall you pursue) as a reminder of her heritage and professional responsibility.[74]

Ginsburg has a collection of lace jabots from around the world.[75][76] She stated in 2014 that she has a particular jabot that she wears when issuing her dissents (black with gold embroidery and faceted stones), as well as another she wears when issuing majority opinions (crocheted yellow and cream with crystals) which was a gift from her law clerks.[75][76] Her favorite jabot (woven with white beads) is from Cape Town, South Africa.[75]

Despite their fundamental differences, Ginsburg considered Scalia her closest colleague on the Court. The two justices had often dined and attended the opera together.[77]

In her spare time, Ginsburg performs non-singing roles in opera. She has appeared in Die Fledermaus, Ariadne auf Naxos, and La fille du régiment.[78]

Health

Ginsburg was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1999 and underwent surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. During the process, she did not miss a day on the bench.[79] Physically weakened after treatment for colon cancer, Ginsburg began working with a personal trainer. Since 1999, Bryant Johnson, a former Army reservist attached to the Special Forces, has trained Ginsburg twice weekly in the justices-only gym at the Supreme Court.[80][81] In spite of her small stature, Ginsburg saw her physical fitness improve since her first bout with cancer, being able to complete 20 full push-ups in a session before her 80th birthday.[80][82]

On February 5, 2009, she again underwent surgery related to pancreatic cancer.[83] Ginsburg's tumor was discovered at an early stage.[83] She was released from a New York City hospital on February 13 and returned to the bench when the Supreme Court went back into session on February 23, 2009.[84][85][86] On September 24, 2009, Ginsburg was hospitalized in Washington DC for lightheadedness following an outpatient treatment for iron deficiency and was released the following day.[87]

On November 26, 2014, she had a stent placed in her right coronary artery after experiencing discomfort while exercising in the Supreme Court gym with her personal trainer.[88][89]

Future plans

With the retirement of John Paul Stevens in 2010, Ginsburg became, at age 77, the oldest justice on the Court.[90] Despite rumors she would retire as a result of old age, poor health, and the death of her husband,[91][92] she denied she was planning to step down. In an August 2010 interview, Ginsburg stated that the Court's work was helping her cope with the death of her husband and suggested she would serve at least until a painting that used to hang in her office was due to be returned to her in 2012.[90] She also expressed a wish to emulate Justice Louis Brandeis' service of nearly 23 years, which would get her to April 2016.[90][93] She has also stated that she has a new "model" to emulate, Justice Stevens, who retired after nearly 35 years on the bench at age 90.[93]

During the Obama presidency, some Democrats and liberals called for Ginsburg to retire.[94][95][96] They argued that Ginsburg's voluntary retirement would ensure that Obama would be able to appoint a like-minded successor, particularly while the Democratic Party held control of the Senate.[97] They pointed to Ginsburg's age and past health issues as factors making her longevity uncertain.[95] Ginsburg rejected these pleas. Ginsburg affirmed her wish to remain a justice as long as she was mentally sharp enough to perform her duties.[48] Moreover, Ginsburg said that the political climate would prevent Obama from appointing a jurist like herself.[98]

Recognition

In 2009 Forbes named Ginsburg among the 100 Most Powerful Women.[99] Glamour Magazine named her one of their 'Women of the Year 2012.'[100] In 2015, she was named by Time as one of the Time 100, as an Icon.[101]

In 2009, Ginsburg was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Willamette University.[102] In 2010 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Princeton University.[103] In 2011 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Harvard University.[104]

In 2013, a painting featuring Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor, Sandra Day O'Connor, and Elena Kagan was unveiled at the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. According to the Smithsonian at the time, the painting was on loan to the museum for three years.[105]

Researchers at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History gave a species of praying mantis the name Ilomantis ginsburgae after Ginsburg. The name was given because the neck plate of the Ilomantis ginsburgae bears a resemblance to a jabot, which Ginsburg is known for wearing. Moreover, the new species was identified based upon the female insect's genitalia instead of based upon the male of the species. The researchers noted that the name was a nod to Ginsburg's fight for gender equality.[106][107]

In popular culture

The Cartoon Network television show Clarence featured a toy called Wrath Hover Ginsbot in the season 1 episode "Jeff's New Toy", which first aired on May 12, 2014.[108] In 2015 Ginsburg was portrayed by Kate McKinnon on Saturday Night Live.[109] McKinnon has repeatedly reprised the role, including during a Weekend Update sketch that aired from the 2016 Republican National Convention in Cleveland.[110]

Ginsburg has been referred to as a "pop culture icon".[111][112] Ginsburg's profile began to rise after Justice O'Connor's retirement in 2005 left Ginsburg as the only serving female justice. Ginsburg's increasingly fiery dissents, particularly in Shelby County v. Holder, led to the creation of the Notorious R.B.G. Tumblr and meme comparing the justice to rapper The Notorious B.I.G.[113]

In October 2015, Irin Carmon and Shana Knizhnik published a New York Times bestseller about Ginsburg titled Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg.[114] In February 2016 The Ruth Bader Ginsburg Coloring Book, by artist Tom F. O'Leary, was published.[115][116]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ According to Justice Ginsburg, Justice Justice William O. Douglas hired the first female Supreme Court clerk in 1944, and the second female law clerk was not hired until 1966.[14]
  2. ↑ Ginsubrg listed Dorothy Kenyon and Pauli Murray as co-authors on the brief in recognition of their contributions to feminist legal argument[30]
  3. ↑ The three negative votes came from conservative Republican Senators – Don Nickles (Oklahoma), Bob Smith (New Hampshire) and Jesse Helms (North Carolina), while Donald W. Riegle, Jr. (Democrat – Michigan) did not vote.[43]
  4. ↑ Felix Frankfurter was the first nominee to answer questions before Congress in 1939. The issue of how much nominees are expected to answer arose during hearings for O'Connor and Scalia.[45]

References

  1. ↑ "As on Bench, Voting Styles Are Personal". The Washington Post. February 12, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  2. ↑ Galanes, Philip (November 14, 2015). "Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Gloria Steinem on the Unending Fight for Women's Rights". The New York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Book Discussion on Sisters in Law" Presenter: Linda Hirshman, author. Politics and Prose Bookstore. BookTV, Washington. September 3, 2015. 27 minutes in. Retrieved September 12, 2015 C-Span website Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ Burton, Danielle (October 1, 2007). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Ruth Bader Ginsburg". US News & World Report. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Margolick, David (25 June 1993). "Trial by Adversity Shapes Jurist's Outlook". New York Times. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Ruth Bader Ginsburg". The Oyez Project. Chicago-Kent College of Law. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Galanes, Philip (14 November 2015). "Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Gloria Steinem on the Unending Fight for Women's Rights". New York Times. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  8. 1 2 Scanlon, Jennifer (1999). Significant contemporary American feminists: a biographical sourcebook. Greenwood Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-313-30125-4. OCLC 237329773.
  9. ↑ "A Conversation with Ruth Bader Ginsburg at Harvard Law School". Harvard Law School. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  10. ↑ Hensley, Thomas R.; Hale, Kathleen; Snook, Carl (2006). The Rehnquist Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO Supreme Court handbooks (hardcover ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 92. ISBN 1-57607-200-2. LCCN 2006011011. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  11. ↑ Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (2004). "The Changing Complexion of Harvard Law School" (PDF). Harvard Women's Law Journal. 27: 303. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  12. ↑ Anas, Brittany (September 20, 2012). "Ruth Bader Ginsburg at CU-Boulder: Gay marriage likely to come before Supreme Court within a year". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  13. 1 2 Toobin, Jeffrey (2007). The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court, New York, Doubleday, p. 82. ISBN 978-0-385-51640-2
  14. 1 2 Cooper, Cynthia L. (Summer 2008). "Women Supreme Court Clerks Striving for "Commonplace"" (PDF). Perspectives. 17 (1): 18–22. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  15. ↑ "A Brief Biography of Justice Ginsburg". Columbia Law School. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  16. 1 2 Liptak, Adam (10 February 2010). "Kagan Says Her Path to Supreme Court Was Made Smoother by Ginsburg's". New York Times. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  17. ↑ Lewis, Neil (June 15, 1993). "The Supreme Court: Woman in the News; Rejected as a Clerk, Chosen as a Justice: Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
  18. ↑ Greenhouse, Linda (August 30, 2006). "Women Suddenly Scarce Among Justices' Clerks". The New York Times (registration required). Retrieved June 27, 2010.
  19. ↑ Ginsburg, Ruth Bader; Bruzelius, Anders (1965). Civil Procedure in Sweden. Martinus Nijhoff. OCLC 3303361.
  20. ↑ Riesenfeld, Stefan A. (June 1967). "Reviewed Works: Civil Procedure in Sweden by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anders Bruzelius; Civil Procedure in Italy by Mauro Cappelletti, Joseph M. Perillo". Columbia Law Review. 67 (6): 1176–1178. doi:10.2307/1121050. JSTOR 1121050.
  21. ↑ Bayer, Linda N. (2000). Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Women of Achievement). Philadelphia. Chelsea House. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7910-5287-7.
  22. 1 2 Hill Kay, Herma (2004). "Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Professor of Law". Colum. L. Rev. 104 (2): 2–20. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  23. ↑ "Biographical Directory of Federal Judges Ginsburg, Ruth Bader". Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Toobin, Jeffrey (11 March 2013). "Heavyweight: How Ruth Bader Ginsburg has moved the Supreme Court.". New Yorker. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  25. ↑ "About the Reporter". Women’s Rights Law Reporter. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2008. Founded in 1970 by now-Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and feminist activists, legal workers, and law students...
  26. ↑ Hensley, Thomas R.; Hale, Kathleen; Snook, Carl (2006). The Rehnquist Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy (illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 92. ISBN 9781576072004. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lewis, Neil A. (15 June 1993). "THE SUPREME COURT: Woman in the News; Rejected as a Clerk, Chosen as a Justice: Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  28. ↑ Pullman, Sandra (March 7, 2006). "Tribute: The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff" Archived March 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. ACLU.org. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
  29. ↑ "Supreme Court Decisions & Women's Rights – Milestones to Equality Breaking New Ground – Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971)". The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  30. ↑ Kerber, Linda K. (1 August 1993). "JUDGE GINSBURG'S GIFT". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  31. 1 2 Williams, Wendy W. (2013). "Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Equal Protection Clause: 1970-80". Columbia Journal of Gender and Law. 25: 41–49. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  32. 1 2 Von Drehle, David (July 19, 1993). "Redefining Fair With a Simple Careful Assault – Step-by-Step Strategy Produced Strides for Equal Protection". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  33. ↑ "Judges of the D. C. Circuit Courts". Historical Society of the District of Columbia Circuit. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  34. ↑ III, SAM FULWOOD (1993-08-04). "Ginsburg Confirmed as 2nd Woman on Supreme Court". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  35. ↑ Drehle, David Von (1993-07-18). "CONVENTIONAL ROLES HID A REVOLUTIONARY INTELLECT". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  36. ↑ Marcus, Ruth; Schmidt, Susan (1986-06-22). "Scalia Tenacious After Staking Out a Position". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
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  56. ↑ "Swearing-In Ceremony for President William J. Clinton". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
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  58. ↑ "U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Visits Egypt." (Press release). U.S. Embassy Cairo. January 28, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
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  61. ↑ "Justice Ginsburg officiates at same-sex wedding". Fox News Channel. September 1, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
  62. ↑ "Ruth Bader Ginsburg, No Fan of Donald Trump, Critiques Latest Term". New York TImes. July 10, 2016.
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  67. ↑ "Ruth Bader Ginsburg apologizes for criticizing anthem protests". ESPN. 14 Oct 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
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  69. ↑ Collins, Gail (20 February 2015). "The Unsinkable R.B.G.: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Has No Interest in Retiring". New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  70. ↑ "Husband of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg dies". The Washington Post. June 27, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
  71. ↑ Lithwick, Dahlia. "The Mother of All Grizzlies". Slate. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  72. ↑ Ginsburg Is Latest Justice to Reflect on Faith, The Washington Post, January 15, 2008
  73. ↑ Justice Ginsburg has released a new feminist take on the Passover narrative, The Washington Post, 18 March 2015
  74. ↑ "Remarks by Ruth Bader Ginsburg – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". Ushmm.org. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
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  76. 1 2 MAKERS Team (August 1, 2014). "Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Owns a 'Dissenting Collar'". MAKERS. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
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  79. ↑ Garry, Stephanie (February 6, 2009). "For Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Hopeful Signs in Grim News about Pancreatic Cancer" Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
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  115. ↑ O'Leary, Tom F. (2016-02-16). The Ruth Bader Ginsburg Coloring Book: A Tribute to the Always Colorful and Often Inspiring Life of the Supreme Court Justice Known as RBG. S.l.: Gumdrop Press. ISBN 9780692644782.
  116. ↑ "The Ruth Bader Ginsburg Coloring Book". ruthbaderginsburgcoloringbook.com. Retrieved 2016-03-31.

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