Rutshuru River
The Rutshuru River is a river in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo that drains Lake Mutanda in the foothills of the Virunga Mountains in Uganda, flowing northward into Lake Rutanzige (formerly Lake Edward). For most of its length it runs through the Rutshuru Territory in North Kivu province.[1]
Course
The Rutshuru is considered the highest source of the Nile.[2] Lake Bunyonyi, with a surface elevation of 1,962 metres (6,437 ft), is fed by the Kabirita River from Rwanda and from many affluents from the surrounding hills, which rise to elevations of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) to 2,478 metres (8,130 ft). Lake Bunyoni drains into the Ruhuhuma Swamp at its northern end. The eastern part of this swamp drains into the upper course of the Ishasha River while the western part drains to Lake Mutanda at a surface elevation of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft). Lake Mutanda discharges from its southwest corner through the Kako River and the Tshengere Swamp into the Rutshuru.[3]
At one time, what is now Lake Kivu was in the watershed of the Rutshuru. Volcanic eruptions at the end of the Pliocene created the Virunga range, blocking off this part of the drainage basin. The water rose inside the basin to form Lake Kivu, eventually breaking through at the southern end to drain into Lake Tanganyika.[4]
In its lower reaches the river flows through the central section of the Virunga National Park.[5] The Rutshuru, Rwindi and Ishasha rivers form swamps and grasslands to the south of Lake Rutanzige.[6] The river is home to herds of hippopotami.[7] As of 2007 there were about 115 hippopotami per kilometer of the savannah and grass steppe along the Rutshuru river.[8] There has been discussion about damming the river, which would have serious impact on the downstream riverine wetlands.[9]
References
- ↑ Blaes 2008.
- ↑ Erfurt-Cooper & Cooper 2010, p. 35.
- ↑ Hughes & Hughes 1992, p. 277.
- ↑ Lambrecht 1991, p. 157.
- ↑ UN Environment Programme 2009.
- ↑ Erfurt-Cooper & Cooper 2010, p. 36.
- ↑ Erfurt-Cooper & Cooper 2010, p. 43.
- ↑ Howell & Bourlière 2007, p. 573.
- ↑ Hughes & Hughes 1992, p. 275.
Sources
- Blaes, X. (October 2008). "Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo" (PDF). PNUD-SIG. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia; Cooper, Malcolm (2010). Volcano and Geothermal Tourism: Sustainable Geo-Resources for Leisure and Recreation. Earthscan. ISBN 1-84407-870-1.
- Howell, F.; Bourlière, François (2007). African Ecology and Human Evolution. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-202-36136-5.
- Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). A directory of African wetlands. IUCN. ISBN 2-88032-949-3.
- Lambrecht, Frank L. (1991). In the shade of an acacia tree: memoirs of a health officer in Africa, 1945-1959. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-194-9.
- UN Environment Programme (July 4, 2009). "Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo". Retrieved 2011-12-22.