Sport Club Corinthians Paulista

Corinthians
Full name Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
Nickname(s) Timão (Big Team)
Time do Povo (The People's Club)
Todo Poderoso (Almighty)
Coringão
Founded September 1, 1910 (1910-09-01)
Stadium Arena Corinthians
Ground Capacity 49,205
President Roberto de Andrade
Head coach Oswaldo de Oliveira
League Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Campeonato Paulista
2015
2016		 Brasileirão, 1st
Paulistão, 3rd
Website Club home page

Sport Club Corinthians Paulista (Brazilian Portuguese: [isˈpɔʁtʃi ˈklubi kʊˈɾĩtʃɐ̃s pawˈɫistɐ]) is a Brazilian multisport club based in Tatuapé, São Paulo. Although they compete in a number of different sports, Corinthians is mostly known for its professional association football team. The club currently play in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A,[nb 1] the top tier of the Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1,[nb 2] the first division of the traditional in-state competition.

The club was founded in 1910 by five railway workers from the district of Bom Retiro, who became impressed by the performances of London-based club Corinthian Football Club, electing Miguel Battaglia as the club's first president. Since then, Corinthians became one of Brazil's most successful clubs, having won the Brasileirão on six occasions, as well as three Copa do Brasil trophies and a record 27 Campeonato Paulista titles. In 2000 the club won the inaugural FIFA Club World Cup as the host nation's representative, repeating the feat in 2012 after winning the Copa Libertadores de América for the first time.

Corinthians plays its home matches at the Arena Corinthians, one of the venues in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, hosting six matches during the tournament, including the opening match on 12 June 2014. The club's home kit features white shirts and black shorts, accompanied by white socks, this combination been used since 1920, Nike being the kit manufacturers since 2003. Corinthians holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably against Palmeiras and São Paulo.

History

One Corinthians line-up of 1914.

In 1910 the football in Brazil was an elitist sport. The top clubs were formed by people who were part of the upper classes. Among them were Club Athletico Paulistano, São Paulo Athletic Club,[1] & Associação Atlética das Palmeiras.[2] Lower-class society excluded from larger clubs founded their own minnow clubs and only played "floodplain" football.

Bucking the trend, a group of five workers of the São Paulo Railway, more precisely Joaquim Ambrose and Anthony Pereira (wall painters), Rafael Perrone (shoemaker), Anselmo Correia (driver) and Carlos Silva (general laborer), residents of the neighborhood of Bom Retiro. It was August 31, 1910 when these workers were watching a match featuring a London-based club touring Brazil, Corinthian F.C..[3] After the match, while the group returned home, The men spoke of partnerships, business ideas, and general dreams of grandeur. In the mind of each one surfaced a great idea: the foundation of a club, after several exchanges in a lively argument, a common ground led those athletes the same dream. The arguments led to the conclusion that they would meet the next day to make a dream into reality.

The Corinthians squad that won its first title in 1914.

September 1, 1910. In anticipation of heavy rains, the group agreed to meet after sundown in public sight. That night at 8:30pm, on Rua José Paulino ("Rua dos Imigrantes" (Immigrants Street), underneath the glow of an oil lamp the five workers reunited alongside their guest and neighbors from Bom Retiro. That night the club was founded, alongside its board of directors, who elected Miguel Battaglia as the first Club President.[3]

Corinthians played their first match on September 10, 1910, away against União da Lapa, a respected amateur club in São Paulo; and despite being defeated by 1–0, this match would mark the beginning of a successful era as an amateur club.

On September 14, Luis Fabi scored Corinthians' first goal against Estrela Polar, another amateur club in the city, and Corinthians won their first game 2–0.

With good results and an increasing number of supporters, Corinthians joined the Liga Paulista, after winning two qualifying games, and played in the São Paulo State Championship for the first time, in 1913. Just one year after joining the league, Corinthians was crowned champion for the first time (in 1914), and were again two years later. There were many fly-by-night teams popping up in São Paulo at the time, and during the first practice held by Corinthians a banner was placed by the side of the field stating "This One Will Last".

Teleco was a superb Corinthians scorer, with 251 goals in 246 matches. He became the top scorer of the Paulista Championships of 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939 and 1941. His nickname was O rei das viradas (The king of comebacks)

The year of 1922, the Centennial of Brazilian Independence, marks the start of Corinthians hegemony in the São Paulo State Championship. As football was almost exclusively played at Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo by that time, the two state champions were considered to be the two top clubs in Brazil. After defeating the Rio de Janeiro State Championship champion of that year, América, Corinthians joined the company of the great teams in Brazil.

The same year also marked the first of three State Championships in a row, something that happened again in 1928–30 and 1937–39.

Corinthians seemed destined to win State Championships in threes; after six years without being a champions, they came won three more from 1937 the 1939. The 1940s were a more difficult time; and the club would win a championship in 1941 and would only win their next in 1951.

At the beginning of the 1950s Corinthians made history in the São Paulo Championship. In 1951, the team composed of Carbone, Cláudio, Luisinho, Baltasar and Mário scored 103 goals in thirty matches of the São Paulo Championship, registering an average of 3.43 per game. Carbone was the top goalscorer of the competition with 30 goals. The club would also win the São Paulo Championships of 1952 and 1954. In this same decade, Corinthians were champions three times of the Rio-São Paulo Championship (1950, 1953 and 1954), the tournament that was becoming most important in the country with the increased participation of the greatest clubs from the two most important footballing states in the country.

In 1953, in a championship in Venezuela, Corinthians won the Small Cup of the World, a championship that many consider as a precursor of the Worldwide Championship of Clubs. On the occasion, Corinthians, substituting for Vasco da Gama, went to Caracas, the Venezuelan capital and recorded six consecutive victories against Roma (1–0 and 3–1), Barcelona (3–2 and 1–0) and Selection of Caracas (2–1 and 2–0). The club would also win the Cup of the Centenary of São Paulo, in the same year (1954).

Rivelino is considered the greatest Corinthians' player of all times

After the triumphs in the São Paulo Championship and the Rio-São Paulo of 1954, Corinthians had a lengthy title drought. The breakthrough finally came when they won the São Paulo state championship in 1977, breaking a string of 23 years without a major title.

Under the leadership of Sócrates, Wladimir and Casagrande, Corinthians were the first Brazilian club in which players decided about concentração, a common Brazilian practice where the football players were locked up in a hotel days before a game, and discussed politics. (In the early 1980s, military dictatorship, after two decades, ended in Brazil). In 1982, before the election of government of São Paulo State, the team wore a kit with the words: DIA 15 VOTE (Vote on 15th),[4] trying to motivate the biggest number of fans to vote.

In 1990, Corinthians won their first Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, beating their rivals, São Paulo in the final at the opponents' own stadium, Estádio do Morumbi.[5] In the following year, Corinthians beat Flamengo and won the Supercopa do Brasil.[6] In the 1995, the club won the Copa do Brasil for the first time, beating Grêmio in the final at the Estádio Olímpico Monumental in Porto Alegre.[7] In the same decade, the club won the state championship in 1995, 1997 and 1999,[8] and won the national championship again in 1998 and in 1999.[9]

In 2000, Corinthians won the first edition of the FIFA Club World Cup, beating Vasco in the final played at the Estádio do Maracanã. To reach the final, Corinthians finished ahead of Real Madrid of Spain, Al-Nasr of Saudi Arabia and Raja Casablanca of Morocco.[10] In the same decade, the club won the state championship in 2001 and in 2003[8] and the Copa do Brasil in 2002, beating Brasiliense in the final.[11]

Between 1990 and 2005, the club also won the Ramón de Carranza Trophy in 1996, the Rio-São Paulo Tournament in 2002, the São Paulo Youth Cup in 1995, 1999, 2004, and 2005, and the Dallas Cup in 1999 and 2000.

The club's situation in early 2004 was among the most difficult in their history. Bad administration, lack of money and terrible campaigns both in the 2003 Brazilian Championship and in the 2004 São Paulo State Championship caused their millions of supporters to worry. Fortunately, some young players and a new manager Tite helped the team to improve from their terrible start. At the end of the championship, Corinthians finished in 5th place and gained entry to the Copa Sudamericana (a minor continental championship).

This situation was one of the factors which enabled Corinthians' president, Alberto Dualib, to convince the club's advisors to sign a controversial deal with an international fund of investors called Media Sports Investment. The deal granted the company a large degree of control over the club for 10 years in exchange for large financial investments in return. This has brought many quality players to the team, such as Carlos Tevez, Roger, Javier Mascherano and Carlos Alberto.

Despite the MSI investments, Corinthians experienced a slow start in the 2005 state championship, but managed to improve as it progressed, eventually managing to finish second. Their start to the Brazilian championship during 2005 was difficult, too, but after Daniel Passarella's dismissal (due to an unexpected 5–1 loss to Corinthians' rivals, São Paulo), the club finished the championship round well, and were eventually crowned Brazilian Champions for the fourth time, after a controversial annulment of eleven games due to a betting scandal.

The relationship between Corinthians' managers and the MSI president, Kia Joorabchian was not good, and after being eliminated in the Copa Libertadores, the club experienced a crisis which was responsible for the bad performances for the rest of 2006. Eventually, the partnership came to an end.[12]

On December 2, 2007, following a 1–1 draw away to Grêmio, Corinthians were relegated to the second division.

Corinthians, who won promotion to the top division of Brazilian football for 2009 by winning the Serie B tournament, signed with three-time FIFA Player of the Year Ronaldo.[13][14] In 2009, led by Ronaldo, Corinthians won their 26th Campeonato Paulista and their third Copa do Brasil. Confirming the club's good moment, Corinthians finished the Campeonato Brasileiro 2010 in 3rd place, granting their place on the subsequent Copa Libertadores. After being eliminated from the South American tournament by the relatively less traditional Deportes Tolima, though, Corinthians saw Ronaldo retire from football. To replace him, the club signed with other 2006 national squad veteran Adriano.[15] In 2011, Corinthians won their fifth national title.

On July 4, after reaching the final of the 2012 Copa Libertadores undefeated, Corinthians won its first title after a two-match final against 6-time champions Boca Juniors by drawing 1–1 in Argentina and accomplishing an inaugural victory at the Estádio do Pacaembu in São Paulo winning 2–0, becoming the ninth Brazilian side to win the Copa Libertadores.[16][17] After this historical title, Corinthians is considered the most valuable club in Brazil.[18] The club won the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup for the second time after defeating English club Chelsea 1–0 on December 16, 2012.[19][20][21]

Kit

Colors

Evolutions of the uniform.

The Corinthians' shirt had no crest before 1913, when the club joined the Liga Paulista Even though the club has been recognized by the colors black and white for most of their history, the first Corinthians' kit originally consisted of cream shirts and black shorts. But when the shirts were washed, the cream color gradually became white. After that, early in the club's history, the official colors were changed, so the club would not waste much money on buying new kits. In 1954 the black with thin white stripes uniform was introduced, and became the alternative uniform. The original cream color of the first uniform would come back as a reference in 2007, with the golden third uniform. The purple has been associated as a fan color for a long time and, since 2008, has been used as a successful third uniform: in popular culture, a corintiano roxo (purple corintiano) is a fanatic supporter of Corinthians.

Crests

Unlike the shirt, the shield of Corinthians went through several changes over the years. While the Corinthians disputed only friendlies and "futebol de várzea" (Floodplain Football, Paulista Colloquial language for Amateur Football). The first crest was hastily created for a game against Minas Gerais, it was valid for qualifying for the 1913 Liga Paulista de Football, and was simply composed of the letters "C" and "P" (Corinthians Paulista) laced together.[22] The third shield would be used until the following year, when Hermogenes Barbuy, lithographer and brother of the player Amilcar, created the first official shield, developing a framework for the letters and added the 'S " ( Sport), which premiered at the friendly against Torino (Italy), in São Paulo.[23]

Shortly thereafter, the frame gets larger, and from 1919 the distinctive beginning to form the current format, which includes the flag of São Paulo in the center. In 1937, Getúlio Vargas lowered the status of the New State and made a public ceremony with the burning of flags of all States in the Federation, in order to symbolize his desire to strengthen the centralized government. Yet, the flag of São Paulo survived inside the shell of the Corinthians. After the fall of the regime, the freedom to use of regional symbols was once again permitted.[22] In 1939, the shield has won a string around the circle, and the two oars and anchor, in allusion to the club's success in nautical sports. The design was created by a Modernist painter Francisco Rebolo, who played for Corinthians reserve squad in the 1920s. Thereafter, the symbol Corinthian passed through small changes over time, specifically the flag and the frame.[22]

In 1990, the first star was added in reference to the first Brazilian title. The same was done with the achievements of 1998, 1999 and 2005, and a larger yellow star above the others, in honor of winning the FIFA World Cup 2000. Before 2011, the Corinthians board decided to remove all the stars.

The Evolution of the Crest of Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
1913 1914 1914–16 1916 1916–19 1919–39 1939–70 1970–79 1980–Present

Manufacturer and sponsors

Corinthians began the 2012 Season with Johnson & Johnson Brazilian consumer brand Jontex as its main sponsor.[24] When Corinthians initiated the 2012 Libertadores Campaign a month later, Fiat subsidiary Iveco (Chest) became the main sponsor alongside Fisk (Back), Marabraz (Sleeves), & Bom Brill (Shoulders).[25] Prior to the Libertadores Final Iveco approached Corinthians in an attempt to become the exclusive sponsor of Timão, Corinthians rebuffed stating that such a deal would be out of Iveco's financial reach.[26] The latest prices for Corinthians Shirt sponsorships are as follows: (Chest & Back) R$30m (€12m/$15m), Sleeves R$15m (€6m/$7.5m), Shoulders R$8m (€3.2m/$4m), for a total of R$53m (€21.3m/$26.5m).[26] On July 7, 2012, It was announced that Corinthians is close to signing an exclusive sponsorship deal lasting until the end of 2012, worth R$68m (€27.3m/$34m).[27] This would place Corinthians as the second most expensive shirt in the world, ahead of Juventus (Tamoil) & behind Manchester United (Nike).[28]

2005 Corinthians Shirt
Period Kit manufacturer Shirt partner
1980–81 Topper None
1982 Bom Brill
1983 Cofap
1984 Citizen
1984 Bic
1984 Corona
1985–89 Kalunga
1990–94 Finta
1995–96 Penalty Suvinil
1996–98 Banco Excel
1998 Embratel
1999–00 Topper Batavo
2000–02 Pepsi
2003–04 Nike
2005–07 Samsung
2008 Medial Saúde
2009 Batavo
2010–12 Hypermarcas
2012 Iveco
2012– Caixa

Facilities

Stadiums

Pacaembu, Corinthians popular home from 1940–2014

Former Stadia

The first field of the Corinthians was in the neighborhood of Bom Retiro, where the club was founded in 1910. More precisely in the old street of Immigrants, current Rua José Paulino. It was actually a stadium, but a vacant lot owned by a seller of firewood.[29] It was nicknamed "Field Lenheiro." [30] It was the time of the floodplain and the players themselves had to clean and flatten the lawn.[29]

In January 1918, Corinthians opened its first stadium, in Great Bridge (now the Bridge of Flags), on the banks of Tiete River.[29] The land was leased from the municipality under the influence of the intellectual Antonio de Alcantara Machado, one of the first to approach the club workers. Stood beside the Chácara da Floresta, AA das Palmeiras (one of the largest clubs in the city so far)'s stadium and was built by the players and fans in a community helping system.[29] The Corinthians played their games there until 1927. They played 138 games with 83 wins, 43 draws and 12 defeats.[31]

In 1926, the club purchased Parque São Jorge, located within the Tatuapé. The Parque São Jorge belonged to Esporte Clube Sírio, a rival in the disputes of the football season. After purchase, then-President Ernesto Cassano decided to reform the stage, with financial support from the members.[32] While the reforms were carried out, followed the Corinthians sending their matches in the area of Great Bridge. Once stopped reforms in the Parque São Jorge, in 1928, the field of Ponte Grande was donated to São Bento (no relation to present-day Esporte Clube São Bento).[32] The renovated Parque São Jorge, still without floodlights, was inaugurated on July 22, in a friendly game against América-RJ.[33] The land purchased with the original included a Syrian farm - hence the nickname "Fazendinha", still used today. It was from here that the Corinthians began to develop and could build up its headquarters.[32]

In Estádio Alfredo Schürig, the official name of "Fazendinha", the club only played in 468 deals, with 346 wins, 60 draws and 62 defeats. 1312 goals were scored by Timão and 480 conceded. The last game played there was a friendly against Brasiliense on August 3, 2002.[33] Currently, the Parque São Jorge is used for training and games of smaller categories. The board has the idea of reforming it, but the plans never leave paper.[32]

With the growing number of fans, Corinthians began operating in major stadiums, in particular, the club has established a relationship with Paulo Machado de Carvalho Stadium, which belongs to the municipality of São Paulo and is best known as Pacaembu Stadium.[34] Some 50,000 fans attended the inauguration of the stadium on April 28 of 1940. The primary pitted Palestra Italia and Coritiba. Then, the game between Corinthians background, then current three-time champion São Paulo, and Atlético Mineiro, Corinthians won by 4–2.[34]

The Pacaembu was opened as the largest stadium in the Latin America, with capacity for 70,000 people.[34] In 1942, little more than 70,000 people came to the stadium to watch the match between Corinthians and São Paulo, in particular by the attacker Leonidas da Silva, idol-Pauline and are considered the best Brazilian player in his time.[35] The game ended tied at 3–3 and the public was never beaten that game at the stadium. Currently, the Pacaembu has capacity for up to 40,000 spectators.[36]

Former partner group HTMF bought land in the Raposo Tavares Highway in the late 1990s for the stadium construction, but the partnership ended soon after that.

Arena Corinthians

Main article: Arena Corinthians

In 2009 there were some conjectures that the government of São Paulo could make a deal for a 30-year allotment of Pacaembu, but it never materialized, even though it was the club's directors preference, with projects designed to that matter.

After Estádio do Morumbi, then named as the city's host in the World Cup, failed to comply to FIFA's standards, a new project to create a home for Corinthians emerged as a possibility. In August 2010 the president of CBF, Ricardo Teixeira, along with Governor of São Paulo state, Alberto Goldman, and the mayor of São Paulo, Gilberto Kassab announced that the opening ceremony of the World Cup of Brazil would be held in the New Corinthians Stadium to be built in the district of Itaquera, in the eastern part of São Paulo city.[37][38]

Training facility

CT Joaquim Grava

There are 32 Bedrooms in Hotel CT Joaquim Grava; 2 players per room during Pre-Season, 1 to a room while in Season. The auditorium in the hotel allows for Lectures & Team meetings. The hotel restaurant seats 60. The hotel is complete with physiotherapy and massage rooms ; offices for the president and the Board of directors, offices for hotel administration, a Locker Room for the visiting team, games rooms, an internet café and a reading room.

Office of Technology & Statistics; Office of the Logistics Supervisor; a Large shared Multi-Purpose office for Security, Communications & TV Corinthians, & Administrative meeting room

an in-house bio-mechanics complex for the main purpose of injury prevention. Machines measure the contact force and velocity of the joints in running, jumping and kicking. Also measured, The force & reaction timing of players during acceleration and deceleration, as well as analysis of how their effort may adversely affects their joints and muscles.

or Centro de Preparação e Reabilitação Osmar da Oliveira (Center for Preparation & Rehabilitation). Gym, physical therapy rooms, heated pools and locker rooms.

Seats over 100 Media Officials

For individual Prayer

Mini-gym, Courts with approval of FIBA (basketball) and FIVB (volleyball) for official games, outdoor pool, BBQ, & a tennis court.

Club culture

Supporters

The Flag of The República Popular do Corinthians.

The Corinthians fanbase is fondly called Fiel ("The Faithful"), starring memorable moments like the "Corinthian Invasion" (pt / Invasão Corinthiana) in 1976, when more than 70,000 Corinthians Fans traveled from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro to watch the match against Fluminense at Maracana Stadium, in that year's national championship semifinals, as well as having one of the biggest average attendances in the country. Fans being famous for being passionate about the team and loyal supporters motivated the club to make a tribute documentary to their fans, named "Faithful" (pt / Fiel), highlighting the fans' support in one of the most difficult moments in the club's history: the relegation to national second division in 2007. Similar initiatives would be made in the next years, reflecting other moments in the club's history in that the fanbase was essential.

Fan organizations

Motto: "Lealdade, Humildade e Procedimento" (Loyalty, Humility & Procedure)
Gaviões da Fiel was founded on 1 July 1969, but its ideology began to be thought of before. In 1965, young Corinthians fans gathered in the stands in order to question the political and administrative life of the Corinthians. The members gathered in different locations, members homes, workplaces, & public squares. This group was distinguished by a passion for the club and have characteristics idealizing and fulfilling. The foundation of Gaviões, on 1 July 1969, came during a bleak time for Brazilians, amidst the military dictatorship. At a time when freedom of expression was virtually nonexistent, these young fans began to attempt recover political and administrative control of Corinthians. The Corinthians were under the administration of Wadih Helu, who for years tried to prevent the creation of the Gaviões through several reprisals. This persecution was not enough to make them give up and gradually his ideas were maturing. "I had decided that the name of the club should contain faithful, as well as the fans were already known to the Corinthians that even after 15 years without winning a single title, crowds took to the stage." What was simply an utopia of young lovers and revolutionary thoughts turned into reality: Gaviões da Fiel was born.

Currently, Gaviões has 97,177 members (January 14, 2013), The largest organized fan organization in Brazil.[42]

Organized Fans of Corinthians, at an away match in Florianopolis, SC

Motto: "O Jogador das arquibancadas" (The player of the terraces)
Camisa 12 was founded in August 1971, the non-politicized offshoot of Gaviões da Fiel. The greatest moment for the torcida came in 1976, during "Invasão Corintiana", in a memorable semi-final against Fluminense, Camisa 12 actively participated. When Over 70,000 Corinthians fans from São Paulo made the 280 mile trip to Rio de Janeiro's Maracana Stadium with scores of Flags, Banners, & Percussion Ensembles. The attendance for that match was 147,000+.[44]

Motto: "Preso por uma só Paixão" (Incarcerated by a single passion)
It was founded on September 9, 1990 by nine Timão fans in honor of the team Football Carandiru House of Detention. The symbol adopted was from the Disney Cartoon DuckTales of its antagonists The Beagle Boys. The torcida grew out of a social program carried out in Carandiru Penitentiary, once the largest prison in Latin American (Now Demolished) & site of the Carandiru Massacre. Where a group of friends, young fans of Corinthians, formed a team and promoting a charity football match against a team of Carandiru detainees, mainly composed of Corinthians supporters, all from the ninth pavilion of the institution, hence its name. This group, through raffles, promotions and sports culture contributions, began to raise funds for the making banners and flags to divulge the its philosophy on games in the stadiums of the Corinthians. The idea of creating an organized torcida was and to mature on September 9, 1990 officially became a Corinthians Organized Torcida, christened The Pavilion Nine.[46]

Motto: "Raça e Atitude" (Bravery & Demeanor)

Motto: "A Mais Fanática do Interior" (The Most Fanatical in the Interior)
Fiel Macabra, Founded on October 4, 1993 in Bauru, SP. This torcida was founded by a group of friends that regularly met in Bauru cafeteria. After its initial 3 years, it opened an official headquarter in Bauru, with 5 other offices following soon at the interior of São Paulo. With about 1,800 Members, it is the team's largest ultras in the interior of São Paulo.

Coringão Chopp (Litoral Division), Banner Reads: "os bebados que sobem a serra" (the drunks who climb the mountains)

Motto: "Torcer e Beber pelo Corinthians" (Drink & Root for Corinthians)
Coringão Chopp, Founded on October 14, 1989. This torcida's origins begin in the 1980s on a Greater São Paulo courtyard. The local was frequented by a group of friends who met casually to play street football & drink beers together after Corinthians games. In 1989, These friends decided frequent Corinthians matches as a unit, They began by going in separate cars. That year their group of friends grew, all them from Greater São Paulo, mainly The ABC Region & their courtyard became a "Meeting Point" for the masses of new friends. That same year, the owner of the courtyard known as Dinho was discussing the sheer volume of Corinthians Fans that considered his courtyard as a Pre-match meeting point. It was that moment when Dinho & friends realized that they had the numbers to create an organized torcida. The members of the newly created torcida, reached a simple agreement on what to name themselves. They agreed that they both had a passion for Corinthians & Chopp (Draught beer). After years of growth in membership, respect, & acceptance, the torcida moved out of the Courtyard & set up a headquarters in Diadema.[50]

Many of the Torcidas above have Sub-sedes (Branch Offices) established by fans living outside of São Paulo. Gavioes in particular has 10, 8 In-State, 1 Out-of-State Brasilia, & 1 International Japan. Camisa 12 with 8, 6 In-State, 2 Out-of-State Minas Gerais & Espírito Santo. Pavilhão Nove with 10, 9 In-State, 1 Out-of-State Mato Grosso do Sul. Estopim da Fiel with 10, 8 In-State, 2 Out-of-State Parana & Minas Gerais. Fiel Macabra with 6, 5 In-State, 1 Out-of-State Rio Grande do Sul. Coringão Chopp with 5, all in-state.

Symbols

D'Artagnan, Corinthians Mascot

Corinthians' official mascot is the Musketeer, a symbol of bravery, audacity and fighting spirit. The adoption of that character recalls the first years of the club.

In 1913 most of the leading football clubs in São Paulo State founded the APEA (Paulista Athletic Sports Association). The depleted Paulista League was left with only Americano, Germania and Internacional, known as the "three musketeers" of São Paulo football. Corinthians joined the three as D'Artagnan, being the fourth and most adored musketeer, just like in Alexandre Dumas, père's novel The Three Musketeers. To be accepted in that "musketeers universe",

Corinthians had to show their bravery. As there was many other teams who coveted the spot in the Liga Paulista, Corinthians participated in a selective tournament against Minas Gerais and São Paulo, two other great teams of Paulista amateur football at that time. The Corinthian team beat Minas 1–0 and São Paulo 4–0, earning acceptance into the group and acquiring the right to participate in the Special Division of the Paulista League in the following year.

An important symbol for Corinthians is Saint George/(Ogum). Saint George is one of the most revered Catholic Saints in Brazil, a nation with a blend of cultures. The collusion between African & European cultures is seen in Brazil's definition of São Jorge as a mash between Catholicism & Western African Mythology. The comparison may be drawn the entities similar characteristics; St George, the soldier who protects those who pray to him; Ogum God of War who serves the communities who believe in him. it is this warrior demeanor that made Corinthians fans indebted to São Jorge.

Corinthians began as a small team for the lower classes of São Paulo, even though they obtained initial success. Lack of respect for the working class by forced Corinthians to leave their São Paulo State Football League in protest. after multiple championships Timão made its largest leap in prestige in the founding of a Corinthians' Headquarters, 1926. The creation of said headquarters became the first fusion of Timão & São Jorge. The land purchased for the headquarters was formerly Parque São Jorge (St. George Park) at 777 Rua São Jorge, Tatuapé, São Paulo, SP.[51]

Corinthians support for São Jorge became fanatical during the decade of the 60's, Between 1954 and 1977, Corinthians failed to add to its gallery of conquests and the Corinthian Nation lived the hardest moments of its history. While the stream struggled in the 60's, fan recanted that they were blessed by a "Santo Guerreiro" (Warrior Saint). In the early 60's the lack of success lingered in the minds of fans & gave birth to a utilization of the blessings of São Jorge. this caused Corinthians to erect a chapel in honor of the saint, in order to strengthen the clubs resolve via mysticism. 1969, after the death of two players Lidu & Eduardo, the funeral was held in Capela São Jorge, & strengthened the clubs identity at a time when championships were non-existent. 1974 Paulista Final, after a heart-wrenching loss to arch-rival Palmeiras, composer Paulinho Nogueira recorded "Oh Corinthians", a song that had popular commercial success at the time. In the verses of the composition dedicated to the suffering Corinthians could not miss the quote to the patron Saint George:

"...Oh, são 20 anos de espera. Mas meu São Jorge me dê forças, para poder um dia enfim, descontar meu sofrimento em quem riu de mim".
("... Oh, It's been 20 years of waiting, but my St. George gives me strength to be able to one day finally cashing in my suffering upon those who laughed at me.)"

Corinthians 2011 third kit, was burgundy colored & featured São Jorge slaughtering a dragon in a dark watermark across the right side of the chest. The utilization of São Jorge's image on the shirt is the practice of São Jorge's Prayer.

St. George, The Corinthians patron saint

Corinthians Headquarters, located at 777 Rua São Jorge (Parque São Jorge), Tatuapé, Sao Paulo, SP

Rivalries

Derby Paulista, c. 1920s

Derby Paulista

Main article: Paulista Derby

Derby Paulista is a crosstown fixture between Corinthians and Palmeiras, consistently cited as one of the greatest rivalries worldwide by sources including FIFA,[52] CNN,[53] and the Daily Mail.[54] Palmeiras was founded by a group of Italians who were formerly members of Corinthians.[55] Since 1914, when that treasonous act was taken upon these former supporters, a deep-seated hatred was born.[55] The Derby atmosphere is fierce on and off the pitch, as violence is a norm between the clubs.[56]

Clássico Majestoso

Main article: Clássico Majestoso

Clássico Majestoso is a crosstown fixture between Corinthians and São Paulo. The Derby dates back to 1935, at the final re-founding São Paulo after being thrice defunct. Corinthians possesses the largest amount of supporters in the state (25 Million), whereas São Paulo's lies in second place (16 Million). The Clássico's most memorable match for Corinthians is the 1990 Campenato Brasileiro finals, which led to Corinthians first national title.

Clássico Alvinegro

Clássico Alvinegro is a regional fixture between Corinthians and Santos.'Alvinegro' is given after the colors worn by both teams, black and white (Alvi, from Latin albus, white, and negro, black). The Classico reached one of its highest stages for Corinthians supporters when Corinthians met Santos in the Semi-Finals of Libertadores 2012. Corinthians won 2-1 on aggregate.

Other Rivalries

Derby dos Invictos (Derby of the Undefeated), Corinthians and Portuguesa is a crosstown rivalry. Corinthians vs Ponte Preta is an in-state rivalry that peaked in the 1977 Campeonato Paulista final, which led to Ponte Preta's greatest Paulista Finish (runner-up). Classico das Multidões (Classic of The Masses) is an inter-state rivalry pegging the two most supported teams in Brazil: Corinthians and Flamengo. Corinthians and Vasco led to great match ups and some rivalry recently, mostly after Vasco winning the Brasileirão in 1997 and 2000, and Corinthians in 1998 and 1999. Their greatest match coincided with the first FIFA Club World Cup in 2000, with a Corinthians victory in the penalty shootout. Corinthians also won the 2011 Brasileirão in the last round of the season, two points over the runners-up Vasco. Corinthians saved Vasco from their usual runner-up fate by defeating the cariocas in 2012 Libertadores Quarter-finals.

Players

As of 20 November 2016

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player
1 Brazil GK Matheus Vidotto
3 Brazil DF Yago
4 Paraguay DF Fabián Balbuena
6 Brazil DF Uendel
8 Brazil MF Marlone
9 Brazil FW Gustavo
10 Brazil MF Guilherme
11 Paraguay FW Ángel Romero
12 Brazil GK Cássio
13 Brazil DF Guilherme Arana
14 Brazil DF Léo Santos
15 Brazil DF Vilson
16 Brazil MF Cristian
17 Brazil MF Giovanni Augusto
18 Brazil FW Léo Jabá
19 Brazil FW Rildo (on loan from Ponte Preta)
No. Position Player
20 Brazil MF Danilo
21 Brazil MF Jean
22 Brazil MF Marciel
23 Brazil DF Fagner
25 Brazil FW Carlinhos
26 Brazil MF Rodriguinho
27 Brazil GK Walter
28 Brazil FW Isaac (on loan from Botafogo-SP)
29 Brazil MF Camacho
30 Brazil FW Lucca
31 Brazil MF Marquinhos Gabriel
32 Brazil DF Léo Príncipe
33 Brazil MF Warian
34 Brazil DF Pedro Henrique
36 Brazil FW Bruno Paulo
40 Brazil GK Caíque França

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player
Brazil DF Rafael Castro (on loan to Ferroviária)
Brazil DF Rodrigo Sam (on loan to Bragantino)
Brazil DF Moisés (on loan to Bahia)
Brazil DF Guilherme Andrade (on loan to Bragantino)
Paraguay MF Gustavo Viera (on loan to Rubio Ñu)
Brazil MF Maycon (on loan to Ponte Preta)
No. Position Player
Brazil MF Alan Mineiro (on loan to Bragantino)
Brazil FW Léo (on loan to Oeste)
Brazil FW Claudinho (on loan to Bragantino)
Colombia FW Stiven Mendoza (on loan to New York City)
Brazil FW Luciano (on loan to Leganés)

Notable Former Players

Technical staff

Current technical staff

As of October 14, 2016.:[57]

Board of Directors
Name Position
Brazil Roberto de Andrade President
Brazil André Luiz Oliveira Vice-President
Brazil Jorge Kalil Vice-President
Brazil Andrés Sánchez Superintendent
Brazil Flávio Adauto Football Director
Brazil Emerson Piovezan Financial Director
Brazil Jorge Aun Director of Estates & Works
Brazil Adilson Mendes Ferreira Director of Land Sports
Brazil Eduardo Caggiano Freitas Administrative Director
Brazil José Onofre de Souza Almeida Director of Amateur Football
Brazil Rogério Mollica Director of Legal Instrument
Brazil Oldano G. de Carvalho Director of Aquatic Sports
Brazil Ronaldo Perrella Rocha Director of Social Department
Brazil Marcelo Pereira Passos Marketing Director
Brazil Nadir de Campos Júnior Director of International Relations
Brazil Donato Votta Cultural Director
Brazil Oswaldo Abrão José General Secretary

Notable managers

List criteria:

Name Years G W D L GF GA\ W% CP-A1 CB CB-A CL CWC Notes
Brazil Amílcar Barbuy 1915–20
1935
1937		 192 135 18 39 0 0 70.31 1915
1937		 [58]
Brazil Guido Giacominelli 1921–25 117 88 11 18 321 112 75.21 1922
1923
1924		 [59]
Brazil Neco 1927
1937–38		 66 29 15 22 135 113 43.94 1937
1938		 [60]
Brazil Virgílio Montarini 1929–31 84 51 17 16 284 142 60.71 1929
1930		 [61]
Brazil Del Debbio 1939–42
1947–49
1963		 215 143 31 41 0 0 66.51 1939
1941		 [62]
Brazil Rato 1942–43
1951–54
1958–59
1963
1969		 255 161 43 51 0 0 63.14 1951
1952		 1953
1954		 [63]
Brazil Osvaldo Brandão 1954–57
1964–66
1969
1977–78
1980–81		 438 249 96 93 0 0 56.85 1954
1977		 [64]
Brazil Sylvio Pirillo 1959–60
1974–75		 124 67 26 31 158 209 54.03 [65]
Brazil Dino Sani 1969–70
1975		 122 54 39 29 187 116 44.26 [66]
Brazil Duque 1972
1976–77		 113 54 36 23 113 88 47.79 1977 [67]
Brazil José Teixeira 1978–79 107 48 41 18 150 96 44.86 1979 [68]
Brazil Mário Travaglini 1981–82
1985		 122 [69]
Brazil Basílio 1985
1987
1989–90
1992		 116 51 42 23 140 90 43.97 [70]
Brazil Nelsinho Baptista 1990–91
1992–93
1997
2007		 192 84 66 42 277 203 43.75 1997 1990 [71]
Brazil Eduardo Fernandes Amorim 1995–96 110 52 29 29 185 130 47.27 1995 [72]
Brazil Vanderlei Luxemburgo 1998
2001		 139 65 34 40 258 180 46.76 2001 1998 [73]
Brazil Oswaldo de Oliveira 1999–005
2004
2016–		 112 58 21 33 220 158 51.79 1999 1999 2000 [74]
Brazil Tite 2004–05
2010–13
2015–16		 378 196 110 72 536 283 51.85 2013 2011
2015		 2012 2012 [75]
Brazil Mano Menezes 2008–10
2014		 250 138 64 48 407 236 55.20 2009 2009 [75]

Presidents

NameTenure
Brazil Miguel Battaglia 1910
Brazil Alexandre Magnani 1910–14
Brazil Ricardo de Oliveira 1915
Brazil João Baptista Maurício 1915–16
Brazil João Martins de Oliveira 1917
Brazil João de Carvalho (Interim) 1918
Brazil Albino Teixeira Pinheiro 1919
Brazil Guido Giacominelli 1920–25, 1927
Brazil Aristides de Macedo Filho 1925
Brazil Ernesto Cassano 1926, 1928
Brazil José Tipaldi 1929
Brazil Filipe Collona 1929–30
Brazil Alfredo Schürig 1930–33
Brazil João Baptista Maurício 1933
Brazil José Martins Costa Júnior 1933–34
Brazil Manuel Correcher 1935–41
Brazil Mario Henrique Almeida (Intervenor) 1941
Brazil Pedro de Souza 1941
Brazil Manuel Domingos Correia 1941–43
Brazil Alfredo Ignácio Trindade 1944–46
Brazil Lourenço Fló Junior 1947–48
Brazil Alfredo Ignacio Trindade 1948–59
Brazil Vicente Matheus 1959–61
Brazil Wadih Helu 1961–71
Brazil Miguel Martinez 1971–72
Brazil Vicente Matheus 1972–81
Brazil Waldemar Pires 1982–85
Brazil Roberto Pasqua 1985–87
Brazil Vicente Matheus 1987–91
Brazil Marlene Matheus 1991–93
Brazil Alberto Dualib 1993–07
Brazil Clodomil Antonio Orsi (Interim) 2007
Brazil Andrés Sanchez 2007–11
Brazil Mário Gobbi 2012–15
Brazil Roberto de Andrade 2015–

Statistics

Recent seasons

Last Ten Seasons
Year Campeonato Brasileiro Copa do Brasil Continental/Worldwide Campeonato Paulista
— Div Pos G W D L GF GA Fase Máxima Competition Fase Máxima Div. Fase Máxima Pos.
2006 A 9º 38 15 8 15 41 46 — CL SA Round of 16 Round of 16 A1 League 6º
2007 A 17º 38 10 14 14 40 50 Round of 16 SA Brazil Preliminary A1 First stage 9º
2008 B 1º 38 25 10 3 79 29 Final — — A1 First stage 5º
2009 A 10º 38 14 10 14 50 54 Final — — A1 Final 1º
2010 A 3º 38 19 11 8 65 41 — CL Round of 16 A1 First stage 5º
2011 A 1º 38 21 8 9 53 36 — CL First stage A1 Final 2º
2012 A6º 38 15 12 11 51 39 — CL WC Final Final A1 Quarter-finals 5º
2013 A 10º 38 11 17 10 27 22 Quarter-finals CL RS Round of 16 Final A1 Final 1º
2014 A4º 38 19 12 7 49 31 Quarter-finals — — A1 First stage 9º
2015 A1º 38 24 9 5 71 31 Round of 16 CL Round of 16 A1 Semi-finals 3º
Legend:
     Champion.
     Runner-Up.
     Classified for Copa Libertadores da América via Campeonato Brasileiro Campaign.
     Classified for Copa Libertadores da América via Copa do Brasil or Copa Libertadores Title.
     Classified for Copa Conmebol, Copa Mercosul or Copa Sul-Americana.
     Relegated to Série B.
     Promoted to Série A.

Honours

FIFA Club World Cup trophy displayed in Memorial Club, December 2012

Domestic competitions

Winners (6): 1990, 1998, 1999, 2005, 2011, 2015
Winners (3): 1995, 2002, 2009
Winners (1): 1991
Winners (1): 2008

International competitions

Winners (2): 2000, 2012
Winners (1): 2012
Winners (1): 2013

Regionals

Winners (27): 1914, 1916, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1988, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2009, 2013
Winners (5): 1950, 1953, 1954, 1966, 2002

Other titles

Winners (1): 1956
Winners (1): 1953
Winners (1): 1996

Notes

  1. ↑ Also known by its nickname Brasileirão.
  2. ↑ Also known by its nickname Paulistão.

References

  1. ↑ not to be confused with São Paulo Futebol Clube
  2. ↑ do not confuse with Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
  3. 1 2 "No Bom Retiro, em 1910, Começa Esta História". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). May 12, 1976. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  4. ↑ BORBA, Marco Aurélio (November 5, 1982) "O Timão cheio de bossas". Revista Placar. pp. 50-53
  5. ↑ Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1990 at RSSSF Archived May 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ↑ Supercopa do Brasil at RSSSF Archived November 15, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ Copa do Brasil 1995 at RSSSF Archived June 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  8. 1 2 Campeonato Paulista at RSSSF Archived April 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Campeonato Brasileiro Série A at RSSSF Archived January 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ "2000 FIFA Club World Cup at RSSSSF". Rsssf.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  11. ↑ Copa do Brasil 2002 at RSSSF Archived May 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ "football news | Corinthians break with MSI". Eyefootball.com. July 26, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  13. ↑ Brazilian Ronaldo set to join Corinthians – The Telegraph, December 9, 2008
  14. ↑ Ronaldo agrees to join Corinthians – The Independent, December 9, 2008
  15. ↑ "World Football – Adriano signs for Corinthians – Yahoo! Eurosport". Uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  16. ↑ "World Football – Adriano signs for Corinthians – Yahoo! Eurosport". ESPN Soccernet. July 4, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  17. ↑ "Corinthians, the cream of South America". FIFA.com. July 5, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Estudo: Corinthians é primeiro brasileiro com marca superior a R$ 1 bi". Esportes.terra.com.br. 2012-07-16. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  19. ↑ "World is lost for Chelsea". ESPNFC.Com. December 16, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  20. ↑ McCourt, Ian (December 16, 2012). "Chelsea v Corinthians – as it happened". Guardian UK. London. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Corinthians 1 Chelsea 0". BBC Sport. December 16, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  22. 1 2 3 1913: Nasce o Mosqueteiro corintiano - Lance1, May 28, 2010
  23. ↑ 1914 - O primeiro título e o primeiro ídolo - Lance!, May 29, 2010
  24. ↑ "Jontex ganha destaque na camisa do Corinthians". Exame. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Patrocínio pontual: Iveco, Fisk, Marabraz e Bom Bril!". Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  26. 1 2 "Empresa sonda Corinthians para ser patrocinadora exclusiva em camisa ". UOL. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Andrés vê Corinthians como 'maior do mundo' em 2015 e revela patrocínio de R$ 68 milhões". UOL Esporte. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  28. ↑ "Top 10 football club sponsorship deals". Football Marketing. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  29. 1 2 3 4 1918: Corinthians teve seu primeiro estádio - Lance!, June 2, 2010
  30. ↑ Pelé.net. "Destaques da história do Corinthians". Retrieved February 6, 2009.
  31. ↑ Corinthians 5000 Jogos: Clube - Lance!, February 17, 2008
  32. 1 2 3 4 1926: Timão compra o Parque São Jorge - Lance!, June 10, 2010
  33. 1 2 1928: Satanás, ídolo e muralha corintiana - Lance!, June 12, 2010
  34. 1 2 3 1940: A primeira partida do Corinthians no Pacaembu - Lance!, June 24, 2010
  35. ↑ 1942: Corinthians conquista o Torneio Quinela de Ouro - Lance!, June 26, 2010
  36. ↑ "Federação Paulista de Futebol,". Site Oficial. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Novo estádio do Corinthians receberá jogos da Copa de 2014" (in Portuguese).
  38. ↑ "Governo de SP e CBF confirmam projeto de estádio do Corinthians para abrir Copa de 2014" (in Portuguese).
  39. ↑ Winckler, Bruno. "Inspirado por Ronaldo, Corinthians inova em prevenção de lesões". iG. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
  40. ↑ ELUSTONDO, CAROLINA. "Timão investe R$ 1 milhão e mostra Ceproo". Globo Esporte. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
  41. ↑ "Gaviões da Fiel". Gavioes.com.br. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  42. ↑ "Nasce Os Gaviões Da Fiel". Gavioes.com.br. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  43. ↑ "Camisa 12". Camisa12net.com.br. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Camisa 12 Historia". Camisa12net.com.br. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  45. ↑ "Pavilhão Nove". Cdpavilhaonove.net. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  46. ↑ "Pavilhão 9 historia". Cdpavilhaonove.net. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  47. ↑ "Pavilhão 9". Estopimdafiel.com.br. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  48. ↑ "Fiel Macabra". Facebook.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  49. ↑ "Coringão Chopp". Facebook.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  50. ↑ "Coringão Chopp historia". Coringaochopp.com.br. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  51. ↑ "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista Headquarters". Google. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
  52. ↑ "Corinthians Vs Palmeiras, Sao Paulo's Historic Tussle". FIFA. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
  53. ↑ Duke, Greg (October 22, 2008). "Football First 11: Do or die derbies". CNN. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
  54. ↑ Fortune, Matt. "THE LIST: The greatest rivalries in club football, Nos 10-1". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
  55. 1 2 Mariante, José Henrique (December 13, 1997). "História:Palmeiras nasceu de dissidência corintiana (History: Palmeiras birth out of Corinthians dissidence)". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  56. ↑ "Football fan shot dead during violent clashes between rival supporters in Brazil". London: Daily Mail. March 26, 2012. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  57. ↑
  58. ↑ "Amílcar Barbuy". Que fim levou. UOL. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  59. ↑ "Guido Giacominelli". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  60. ↑ "Neco". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  61. ↑ "Virgílio Montarini". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  62. ↑ "Del Debbio". Que fim levou?. UOL. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  63. ↑ "Rato". Que Fim Levou?. UOL. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  64. ↑ "Oswaldo Brandão". Que Fim Levou?. UOL. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  65. ↑ "Sylvio Pirillo". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  66. ↑ "dino sani". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  67. ↑ "Duque". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  68. ↑ "José Teixeira". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  69. ↑ "Mário Travaglini". UOL. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  70. ↑ "basilio". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  71. ↑ "Nelsinho Baptista". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  72. ↑ "Eduardo Amorim". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  73. ↑ "Vanderlei Luxemburgo". Acervo SCCP. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  74. ↑ "oswaldo de oliveira". acervo sccp. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  75. 1 2 "Treinadores que mais vezes comandaram o Corinthians". meutimao.com.br. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
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