SS United States

For SS United States wrecked off Cape Romain in 1881, see SS United States (1864). For SS United States built in 1903, see Scandinavian America Line. For documentary about the ship in service, see SS United States: Lady in Waiting.
United States docked at a Philadelphia pier in September 2009
History
Name: United States
Operator: United States Lines
Port of registry: New York City
Route: Transatlantic
Ordered: 1949[1]
Builder: Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company[1]
Cost: $79.4 million ($725 million in today's dollars)[1]
Yard number: Hull 488[2]
Laid down: February 8, 1950
Launched: June 23, 1951[3]
Christened: June 23, 1951[3]
Maiden voyage: July 3, 1952
Out of service: November 14, 1969[4]
Identification:
Nickname(s): "The Big U"[5]
Status: Sold 1978
Owner: Various
Acquired: 1978
Fate: Laid up in Philadelphia in 1996.[6]
Notes: The United States changed hands multiple times from 1978–1996 for a return to active sea service but no plans came through.[7]
Owner: SS United States Conservancy
Acquired: February 1, 2011
Status: Laid up in Philadelphia, bought to be preserved as of February 2011.[8]
General characteristics
Class and type: Ocean liner
Tonnage: 53,330 GT
Displacement: 45,400 tons (at design draft); 47,264 tons (at maximum draft)
Length: 990 ft (302 m) (overall); 940 ft (287 m) (waterline)
Beam: 101.5 ft (30.9 m) maximum
Draft: 31.25 ft (9.53 m) (design); 32.33 ft (9.85 m) (maximum)
Depth: 75 ft (23 m)
Decks: 12
Installed power: 240,000 shp (180,000 kW)
Propulsion:
Speed:
  • 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) (service)
  • 38.32 knots (70.97 km/h; 44.10 mph) (maximum)
Capacity: 1,928 passengers
Crew: 900
SS United States (Steamship)
Location Pier 82, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Coordinates 39°55′4.6″N 75°8′12.8″W / 39.917944°N 75.136889°W / 39.917944; -75.136889Coordinates: 39°55′4.6″N 75°8′12.8″W / 39.917944°N 75.136889°W / 39.917944; -75.136889
Architect William Francis Gibbs
NRHP Reference # 99000609[9]
Added to NRHP June 3, 1999

SS United States is a luxury passenger liner built in 1952 for United States Lines. It was designed by American naval architect William Francis Gibbs to capture the trans-Atlantic speed record.

Built at a cost of $79.4 million ($725 million in today's dollars)[1] the ship is the largest ocean liner constructed entirely in the US and the fastest ocean liner to cross the Atlantic in either direction. Even in her retirement, she retains the Blue Riband, the accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the highest speed.

Her construction was subsidized by the US government, since she was designed to allow conversion to a troopship should the need arise.[10] United States operated uninterrupted in transatlantic passenger service until 1969. Since 1996 she has been docked at Pier 82 on the Delaware River in Philadelphia.

Design and construction

Inspired by the exemplary service of the British liners RMS Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth , which transported hundreds of thousands of US troops to Europe during World War II, the US government sponsored the construction of a large and fast merchant vessel that would be capable of transporting large numbers of soldiers. Designed by renowned American naval architect and marine engineer William Francis Gibbs (1886–1967), the liner's construction was a joint effort between the United States Navy and United States Lines. The US government underwrote $50 million of the $78 million construction cost, with the ship's operators, United States Lines, contributing the remaining $28 million. In exchange, the ship was designed to be easily converted in times of war to a troopship with a capacity of 15,000 troops, or to a hospital ship .[11]

The vessel was constructed from 1950–1952 at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in Newport News, Virginia. Her keel was laid and the hull constructed in a graving dock. United States was built to exacting Navy specifications, which required that the ship be heavily compartmentalized and have separate engine rooms to optimize wartime survival.[12] A large part of the construction of United States was with prefabricated sections. The ship's hull comprised 183,000 separately fabricated sections.[13]

During World War II, the French liner SS Normandie had been seized by US authorities at New York and renamed USS Lafayette. In 1942, the liner caught fire while being converted to a troopship by the US Navy. After millions of gallons of water had been pumped into her in an attempt to extinguish the flames she capsized onto her port side and came to rest on the mud of the Hudson River at Pier 88, the site of the current New York Passenger Ship Terminal. As a result of this disaster the design for of the United States incorporated the most rigid U.S. Navy standards.[14] To minimize the risk of fire, the designers of United States used no wood in the ship's framing, accessories, decorations, or interior surfaces. Fittings, including all furniture and fabrics, were custom made in glass, metal, and spun glass fiber to ensure compliance with fireproofing guidelines set by the US Navy. Asbestos-laden paneling was used extensively in interior structures.[15] Specially commissioned artwork included pieces by fourteen artists, including Nathaniel Choate, muralist Austin M. Purves, Jr., and sculptor Gwen Lux. Although the galley did feature a butcher block, the clothes hangers in the luxury cabins were aluminum. The ballroom's grand piano was of a rare, fire-resistant wood species—although originally specified in aluminum—and accepted only after a demonstration in which gasoline was poured upon the wood and ignited, without the wood itself igniting.[16]

The construction of the ship's superstructure involved the greatest use of aluminum in any construction project to that time, and posed a Galvanic corrosion challenge to the builders in joining the aluminum structure to the steel decks below. The extensive use of aluminum provided significant weight savings.[17]

United States had the most powerful steam turbines of any merchant marine vessel, with a total power of 240,000 shaft horsepower (180 MW) delivered to four 18-foot (5.5 m) diameter manganese-bronze propellers. This was the equivalent design of a Forrestal-class aircraft carrier and gave her the greatest power-to-weight ratio ever achieved in a commercial passenger liner, before or since. The ship was capable of steaming astern at over 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph), and could carry enough fuel and stores to steam non-stop for over 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at a cruising speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph).[18]

Decoration

Decor included a children's playroom designed by Edward Meshekoff.[19] Other artwork was designed by Charles Gilbert of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. His work included glass panels in the ballroom, a clock in the Captain's quarters, and other pieces. Much of his work was purchased at auction when the ship was drydocked. Several of the glass panels are highlighted in an exhibit at Southdown Museum in Houma,Louisiana.

Speed records

Liner United States photographed from Portsmouth on return maiden voyage to New York, summer 1952

On her maiden voyage on July 3, 1952, United States broke the transatlantic speed record held by RMS Queen Mary for the previous 14 years by over 10 hours, making the maiden crossing from the Ambrose lightship at New York Harbor to Bishop Rock off Cornwall, UK in 3 days, 10 hours, 40 minutes at an average speed of 35.59 knots (65.91 km/h; 40.96 mph). The liner also broke the westbound crossing record by returning to America in 3 days 12 hours and 12 minutes at an average speed of 34.51 knots (63.91 km/h; 39.71 mph), thereby obtaining both the eastbound and westbound speed records and the Blue Riband, the first time a US-flagged ship had held the speed record since SS Baltic claimed the prize 100 years earlier.

United States maintained a 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) crossing speed on the North Atlantic in a service career that lasted 17 years.

United States lost the eastbound speed record in 1990 to Hoverspeed Great Britain; however, she continues to hold the Blue Riband as all subsequent record breakers were neither in passenger service nor were their voyages westbound.[20]

United States' maximum speed was deliberately exaggerated, and kept obscure for many years. An unlikely value of 43 knots (80 km/h; 49 mph) was leaked to reporters by engineers after the first speed trial.[21] A Philadelphia Inquirer article reported the top speed achieved as 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph),[22] while another source reports that the highest possible sustained top speed was 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph).[23]

Post-service

SS United States at sea, 1950s.

By the late 1960s, the market for Transatlantic travel by ship had dwindled. America had been sold in 1964, Queen Mary had been retired in 1967, and Queen Elizabeth in 1968. United States was no longer profitable. While United States was at Newport News for annual overhaul in 1969, the shipping line decided to withdraw her from service, leaving the ship docked at the port. After a few years, the ship was relocated to Norfolk, Virginia. Subsequently, ownership passed between several companies.

In 1977, a group headed by Harry Katz sought to purchase the ship and dock it in Atlantic City, New Jersey, where it would be used as a hotel and casino. However, nothing came of the plan.[24] In 1978, the vessel was sold for $5 million to a group headed by Richard Hadley who hoped to revitalize the liner in a time share cruise ship format. Financing failed and the ship was put up for auction by MARAD in 1992.[25]

In 1979, Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) was reportedly interested in purchasing the ship and converting her into a cruise ship for cruises in the Caribbean, but decided on purchasing the former SS France instead. During the 1980s, United States was considered by the US Navy as a troopship or a hospital ship, to be called USS United States, but this plan never materialized.

In 1984, the ship's remaining fittings and furniture were sold at auction in Norfolk. Some of the furniture was installed in Windmill Point, a restaurant in Nags Head, North Carolina. Following the closure of the restaurant in 2007, the items were donated to the Mariners' Museum and to Christopher Newport University, both in Newport News, Virginia.[26] One of the ship's 60,000-pound propellers is mounted at the entrance to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City. Another one stands on a platform near the waterfront at SUNY Maritime College at Fort Schuyler, New York. Across the Long Island Sound from SUNY Maritime College, a third propeller is mounted at the United States Merchant Marine Academy and is used as a teaching aid for merchant mariners. In 2008 a fourth propeller was put on display at the entrance of the Mariner's Museum in Newport News, Virginia.[27]

In 1992, Marmara Marine Inc., headed by Edward Cantor and Fred Mayer, purchased the vessel for $2.6 million. The company was majority-owned by Juliedi Sadikoglu of the Turkish shipping family.[28][29] The ship was towed to Turkey and then Ukraine, where in Sevastopol Shipyard she underwent asbestos removal in 1993-94.[30] The interior of the ship was almost completely stripped during this time. No viable agreements were reached in the US for a reworking of the vessel, and in 1996 United States was towed to her current location at Pier 84 in South Philadelphia.[31] In November 1997, Edward Cantor purchased the ship for $6 million.[32]

In 1999, the SS United States Foundation and the SS United States Conservancy (then known as the SS United States Preservation Society, Inc.) succeeded in having the ship placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 2003, Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) purchased the ship from the estate of Edward Cantor when the ship was put up for auction after his death, with the stated intent of fully restoring her to a service role in their newly announced American-flagged Hawaiian passenger service called NCL America.[33] United States is one of only a handful of ships eligible to enter such service because of the Passenger Service Act, which requires that any vessel engaged in domestic commerce be built and flagged in the US and operated by a predominantly American crew.

In August 2004, NCL commenced feasibility studies regarding a new build-out of the vessel, and in May 2006 Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay, chairman of Malaysia-based Star Cruises (which owns NCL), stated that the company's next project is "the restoration of the ... United States."[34] By May 2007, an extensive technical review had been completed, with NCL stating that the ship was in sound condition. The cruise line has over 100 boxes of the ship's blueprints cataloged. While this documentation is not complete, NCL believed it would provide useful information for the planned refit.[35] However, when NCL America began operation, it used Pride of America, Pride of Aloha, and Pride of Hawaii, rather than United States, and later withdrew Pride of Aloha and Pride of Hawaii from Hawaiian service.

In February 2009, it was reported that Star Cruises, to whom United States's ownership was transferred, and NCL were looking for buyers for the liner.[36][37]

A group of the ship's fans keeps in touch via the Internet and meets annually in Philadelphia. The ship receives occasional press coverage, such as a 2007 feature article in USA Today and there have been various projects through the years to celebrate the ship, such as lighting it on special occasions.[38] A television documentary about the ship, titled SS United States: Lady in Waiting, was completed in early February 2008 and was distributed through Chicago's WTTW TV and American Public Television with the first airings in May 2008 on PBS stations throughout the US.[39] The Big U: The Story of the SS United States, another documentary about the ship, is currently in development by Rock Creek Productions.[40]

In March 2010 it was reported that scrapping bids for the ship were being collected. Norwegian Cruise Lines, in a press release, noted that there are large costs associated with keeping United States afloat in her current state—around $800,000 a year—and that, as the SS United States Conservancy has not been able to tender an offer for the ship, the company was actively seeking a "suitable buyer."[41]

Preservation efforts

Since 2009, when Norwegian Cruise Line offered the ship for sale, there have been numerous plans to rescue the liner from the scrap yard. The SS United States Conservancy, a group trying to save United States, has been trying to come up with funding to purchase the ship.[42] On July 30, 2009, H. F. Lenfest, a Philadelphia media entrepreneur and philanthropist, pledged a matching grant of $300,000 to help the United States Conservancy purchase the vessel from Star Cruises.[43] A notable supporter, former US president Bill Clinton, has also endorsed rescue efforts to save the ship, having sailed on her himself in 1968.[12][44]

An artist's rendering of the planned "multi-purpose waterfront complex".

By May 7, 2010, over $50,000 had been raised by The SS United States Conservancy[45] and on July 1, 2010, the Conservancy struck a deal with Norwegian Cruise Line to buy SS United States for a reported $3 million, despite a scrapper's bid for $5.9 million. The Conservancy was given until February 2011 to buy the ship and satisfy Environmental Protection Agency concerns related to toxins on the ship. They now have 20 months of financial support to develop a plan to clean the ship of toxins and make the ship financially self-supporting, possibly as a hotel or development.[8][46]

SS United States Conservancy executive director Dan McSweeney has stated that likely locations for the ship include Philadelphia, New York City and Miami.[8][47] In November 2010, the Conservancy announced a plan to develop a "multi-purpose waterfront complex" with hotels, restaurants and a casino along the Delaware River in South Philadelphia at the proposed location for the stalled Foxwoods Casino project. A detailed study for the site was revealed in late November 2010, in advance of Pennsylvania's December 10, 2010 deadline for a deal aimed at Harrah's Entertainment taking over the casino project.[48] On December 16, 2010, the Gaming Control Board voted to revoke the casino's license.[49]

The SS United States Conservancy assumed ownership of United States on February 1, 2011.[6][50] In March, talks about possible locations in Philadelphia, New York City and Miami continued. In New York City, negotiations with a developer are underway for the ship to become part of the Vision 2020,[51] a waterfront redevelopment plan totaling US$3.3 billion. In Miami, Ocean Group in Coral Gables was interested in putting the ship in a slip on the north side of American Airlines Arena.[52] With an additional US$5.8 million donation from H. F. Lenfest, the conservancy had about 18 months from March 2011 to make the ship a public attraction.[52] On August 5, 2011 the SS United States Conservancy announced that after conducting two studies focused on placing the ship in Philadelphia it was "not likely to work there for a variety of reasons." However, discussions to place the ship in her original home port of New York as a stationary attraction are ongoing.[53] The Conservancy's grant specifies that the refit and restoration must be done in the Philadelphia Navy Yard for the benefit of the Philadelphia economy, regardless of her eventual mooring site; the Conservancy continues to negotiate with possible stakeholders in the New York area.

SS United States in 2012.

On February 7, 2012 preliminary work began on the restoration project to prepare the ship for her eventual rebuild, although a contract had not yet been signed.[54] In April 2012, a Request for Qualifications (RFQ) was released as the start of an aggressive search for a developer for the ship. A Request for Proposals (RFP) was issued in May.[55] In July 2012, the SS United States Conservancy launched a new online campaign called "Save the United States", a blend of social networking and micro-fundraising, that allowed donors to sponsor square inches of a virtual ship for redevelopment, while allowing them to upload photos and story content about their experience with the ship. The Conservancy announced that donors to the virtual ship would be featured in an interactive "Wall of Honor" aboard the future SS United States museum.[56][57] Six million (USD) had been raised by September 2012 to turn the ship into a permanent waterfront attraction.[58]

A developer was to be chosen by the end of 2012 with the intent of putting the ship in a selected city by summer 2013.[59] The ship, however, remained in Philadelphia. In November 2013, it was reported that the ship was undergoing a "below-the-deck" makeover which lasted into 2014 in order to make the ship more appealing for developers as a dockside attraction. The SS United States Conservancy was warned that, if its plans did not come together quickly, there might be no choice but to sell the ship for scrap.[60] In January 2014, obsolete pieces of the ship were sold to keep up with the $80,000 (USD) a month maintenance costs. Enough money was raised to keep the ship going for another six months with the hope of finding someone committed to the project, with New York City still being the frontrunner target location.[61]

On July 3, 2014, The SS United States Conservancy held a flag-raising ceremony commemorating the ship's maiden voyage. An American flag was raised first to honor Independence Day, then the house flag of the ship's former operating company, United States Lines (donated by the trademark owner Hector L. Aponte III) was raised. This occasion was the first time the ship had flown its company flag since the ship was decommissioned in 1969.[62]

By August 2014, the ship was still moored in Philadelphia and costs for the ship's rent amounted to $60,000 (USD) a month. It was estimated that it would take one billion (USD) to put the United States back on the high seas,[63] though a 2016 estimate for restoration as a luxury cruise ship was said to be, "as much as $700 million".[64] On September 4, 2014 a final push was made to have the ship be bound for New York City. A developer interested in re-purposing the ship into a major waterfront destination made an announcement regarding the move. The Conservancy had only weeks to decide if the ship needed to be sold for scrap.[65]

On December 15, 2014, preliminary agreements in support of the redevelopment of the SS United States were announced. The agreements included three months of carrying costs, with a timeline and more details to be released sometime in 2015.[66][67] In February 2015, another $250,000 was received by the conservancy from an anonymous donor which will go towards planning an onboard museum.[68]

As of October 2015, however, the SS United States Conservancy began exploring potential bids for scrapping the ship. The group is running out of money to cover the $60,000 per month cost to dock and maintain the ship. Attempts to repurpose the ship continue. Potential ideas include using the ship for hotels, restaurants, or office space. One idea floated was to install computer servers in the lower decks and link them to software development businesses in office space on the upper decks. However, no firm plans have been announced. The conservancy said that if no progress is made by October 31, 2015, they would have no choice but to sell the ship to a "responsible recycler."[69] As the deadline passed it was announced that $100,000 had been raised in October 2015 sparing the ship from immediate danger. By November 23, 2015 it was reported that over $600,000 in donations had been received for care and upkeep, buying time well into the coming year for the S.S. United States Conservancy to press ahead with a plan to redevelop the vessel.[70]

Proposed restoration and reactivation

Preliminary redesign for the United States by Crystal Cruises from a 2016 promotional video.

On February 4, 2016, Crystal Cruises announced that it had signed a purchase option for the SS United States. Crystal would cover docking costs in Philadelphia for nine months while conducting a feasibility study on returning the ship to service as a cruise ship based in New York City.[71][72] It was announced on April 9, 2016 that 600 artifacts from the SS United States would be returned to the ship from the Mariners' Museum, and other donors.[73]

The plan was formally dropped on August 5, 2016, citing too many technical and commercial challenges. Crystal Cruises then made a donation of $350,000 to help with preservation through the end of the year.[74][75][76]

Models of United States have made appearances in two major films, 2012 and The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep. United States herself appears in the 1962 Disney film Bon Voyage! and in Munster, Go Home! (1966), Baby Mama (2008), and in the 1955 film Gentlemen Marry Brunettes. A bird's eye view of United States is shown during the opening scene of the movie, West Side Story. The 2013 film Dead Man Down starring Colin Farrell features scenes shot on board United States.[77]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Ujifusa, Steven (July 2012). A Man and his Ship. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-4516-4507-1.
  2. ↑ Cudahy, Brian J. (February 1997). Around Manhattan Island and Other Tales of Maritime NY. Fordham University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8232-1761-8. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
  3. 1 2 Horne, George (June 24, 1951). "Biggest US Liner 'Launched' in Dock; New Superliner After Being Christened Yesterday". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-23.(subscription required)
  4. ↑ Weinraub, Bernard (November 15, 1969). "Liner United States Laid Up; Competition From Jets a Factor; The United States Cancels Voyages and Is Laid Up". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-23.(subscription required)
  5. ↑ Koeppel, Dan (June 2008). "World's Fastest Superliner Awaits Rebirth—or the Scrap Yard". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  6. 1 2 Griffin, John (February 1, 2011). "Save Our Ship: Passionate Preservationists Buy a National Treasure". ABC News. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  7. ↑ "Retirement and Layup". SS United States Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  8. 1 2 3 Pesta, Jesse (July 1, 2010). "Famed Liner Steers Clear of Scrapyard". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  9. ↑ National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  10. ↑ Pesta, Jesse (September 29, 2009). "Fans of World's Fastest Ocean Liner Put Out a Distress Call … – – – …". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
  11. ↑ "The Great Oceanliners (Flip through website for reference)". Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  12. 1 2 "Life and Times of the SS United States". The Big U: The Story of the SS United States. ssunitedstates-film.com. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  13. ↑ Dempewolff, Richard F. (June 1952). "America Bids for the Atlantic Blue Ribbon". Popular Mechanics: 81–87, 252, 254. ISSN 0032-4558. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  14. ↑ http://www.ssusc.org/americas-flagship/history-design-and-launch/
  15. ↑ http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/ss-united-states-saved-perhaps-to-sail-once-more
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  17. ↑ "SS United States". ss-united-states.com. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  18. ↑ "Designing and Constructing Superliner SS United States". ss-united-states.net. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  19. ↑ Dunlap, David (9 March 2016). "Beloved Anachronisms, Times Square Mosaics of the City May Be Preserved". New York Times. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  20. ↑ Kludas, Arnold (April 2002). Record Breakers of the North Atlantic: The Blue Riband Liners, 1838–1952. Brassey, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-458-6. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  21. ↑ "How Fast Can It Go?" (pdf). Paper on actual speed of SS United States
  22. ↑ "SOS plan for faded ocean liner". Philadelphia Inquirer. August 24, 2009.
  23. ↑ McKesson, Chris B., ed. (February 13, 1998). "Hull Form and Propulsor Technology for High Speed Sealift" (PDF). John J. McMullen Associates, Inc. pp. 13–14. Archived from the original (pdf) on December 13, 2005. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
  24. ↑ "Times Daily – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 2016-02-04.
  25. ↑ "Richard Hadley, 80; Planned Floating Condos for Ocean Liner". New York Times. April 15, 2002.
  26. ↑ Morris, Rob (March 1, 2011). "Windmill Point Set to Go Out in a Blaze of Glory". Outer Banks Voice. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
  27. ↑ "The SS United States' Preserved Propellers" (PDF). SS United States Conservancy. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
  28. ↑ "S.S. United States Sold to Turkish-Backed Group". Daily News. April 29, 1992.
  29. ↑ "$2.6 million bid wins SS United States International group plans renovation". The Baltimore Sun. April 28, 1992.
  30. ↑ http://sevastopol.press/2007/07/12/asbestovyj-sled-korablja-junajted-stejts/
  31. ↑ "Famed Liner's Moving, But There's No Money Yet For A Huge Fixup Will Ship Make City Seasick?". Philadelphia Daily News. August 15, 1996.
  32. ↑ "S.S. UNITED STATES, The Turkish Years 1992–1996: What Might Have Been". maritimematters.com.
  33. ↑ Deflitch, Gerard (September 28, 2003). "S.S. United States may get chance to relive glory days". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
  34. ↑ "Title unknown". Maritime Matters. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007.
  35. ↑ McDevitt, John (May 9, 2007). "Cruising Future Seen For a Rusting South Phila. Hulk". KYW Newsradio. Philadelphia.
  36. ↑ Niemelä, Teijo (February 11, 2009). "SS United States may be offered for sale". Cruise Business Online. Cruise Media Oy Ltd. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  37. ↑ "United States impending sale?". Maritime Matters. February 10, 2009. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
  38. ↑ Hampson, Rick (July 3, 2007). "Hopes dim for revival of SS United States". USA Today. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  39. ↑ "SS United States: Lady in Waiting". bigshipfilms. 2010. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  40. ↑ "The Big U: The Story of the SS United States". The Big U. 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  41. ↑ Ujifusa, Steven B. (March 3, 2010). "SS United States now in grave peril". PlanPhilly. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
  42. ↑ "Our History". SS United States Conservancy. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  43. ↑ Moran, Robert (July 30, 2009). "Phila. philanthropist to aid purchase of iconic ship". Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Newspapers LLC. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  44. ↑ "SS United States: America's Ship of State". SS United States Trust. July 4, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  45. ↑ "Fund Aims To Save S.S. United States". Myfoxphilly.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  46. ↑ Cox, Martin (June 30, 2010). "Preservationists Perched To Buy SS UNITED STATES". Maritime Matters. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  47. ↑ "SSHSA 8 Page Promo Booklet". Steamship Historical Society of America. Fall 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
  48. ↑ McDevitt, John (November 21, 2010). "America's Flagship Wants Stalled Foxwoods Casino Site". KYW Newsradio. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  49. ↑ Wittkowski, Donald (December 16, 2010). "Gambling panel revokes license for proposed Foxwoods casino project in Philadelphia". The Press of Atlantic City. The Press of Atlantic City Media Group. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  50. ↑ "Video of February 1 Title Transfer Event". SS United States Conservancy. February 9, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  51. ↑ "Vision 2020: New York City Comprehensive Waterfront Plan". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  52. 1 2 Knego, Peter (March 16, 2011). "SS United States Latest". Maritime Matters. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  53. ↑ "An Update From Conservancy Executive Director Dan McSweeney". SS United States Conservancy. August 5, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  54. ↑ "Work Begins to Prepare the SS United States for Future Redevelopment". SS United States Conservancy. February 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  55. ↑ "SS United States Redevelopment Project Releases Request for Qualifications" (Press release). SS United States Conservancy. April 5, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  56. ↑ "New Online Campaign Launches to Save the United States" (Press release). SS United States Conservancy. July 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  57. ↑ "Save the United States". SS United States Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  58. ↑ Smith, Karen (September 23, 2012). "Local company helping save 'SS United States'". Observer & Eccentric Newspapers. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  59. ↑ "SS United States To be "Repurposed"". Cruise Industry News. April 5, 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-22.
  60. ↑ "SS United States is being prepared for a new life". Associated Press. November 28, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  61. ↑ "Will the SS United States find new life in 2014?". philly.com. January 6, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  62. ↑ "Preservation Efforts". youtube.com. Hector Luis Aponte III. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  63. ↑ "America's flagship: Admirers of SS United States send an S.O.S.". america.aljazeera.com. August 12, 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  64. ↑ "The World's Fastest Ocean Liner May Be Restored to Sail Again". National Geographic News. 2016-02-08. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
  65. ↑ Backwell, George (September 4, 2014). "SS United States Supporters Push for NY Return". Marine Link. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  66. ↑ "Encouraging New SS UNITED STATES Developments". maritimematters.com. December 15, 2014. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  67. ↑ "Agreement reached to redevelop SS United States". www.bizjournals.com. December 16, 2014. Retrieved 2015-01-04.
  68. ↑ "SS United States gains $250,000 donation". Philly.com. February 11, 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
  69. ↑ "Friends of the S.S. United States Send Out a Last S.O.S.". New York Times. October 7, 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
  70. ↑ "Donations Help the S.S. United States Fend Off the Scrapyard". msn.com. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
  71. ↑ "Cruise ship company in deal to buy SS United States". philly.com. February 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
  72. ↑ "S.S. United States, Historic Ocean Liner of Trans-Atlantic Heyday, May Sail Again". The New York Times. February 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
  73. ↑ "SS United States getting artifact donations from Mariners' Museum, others". Dailypress. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  74. ↑ "Crystal Drops SS United States Project". Cruise Industry News. August 5, 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  75. ↑ Pesta, Jesse (6 August 2016). "The S.S. United States Won't Take to the Seas Again After All". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  76. ↑ Adomaitis, Greg (8 August 2016). "Abandoned ship: Deal to save SS United States 'too challenging'". NJ.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  77. ↑ "Press Conference at Philadelphia's Pier 82, Monday April 23, 3:30 PM". SS United States Conservancy. Retrieved 2012-09-22.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to SS United States.
External image
The Liner "United States" Passing 42nd Street, New York (c. 1952) by Andreas Feininger, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Records
Preceded by
Queen Mary		 Holder of the Blue Riband (westbound)
1952–present 		Incumbent
Atlantic Eastbound Record
1952–1990 		Succeeded by
Hoverspeed Great Britain
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