Rutan Voyager

Model 76 Voyager
Voyager returning from its flight
Role	Record plane
Manufacturer	Rutan Aircraft Factory
Designer	Burt Rutan
First flight	June 22, 1984
Introduction	1984
Retired	1987
Number built	1
	Career
Registration	N269VA
Preserved at	National Air and Space Museum

The Rutan Model 76 Voyager was the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. It was piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager. The flight took off from Edwards Air Force Base's 15,000 foot (4,600 m) long runway in the Mojave Desert on December 14, 1986, and ended 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds later on December 23, setting a flight endurance record. The aircraft flew westerly 26,366 statute miles (42,432 km; the FAI accredited distance is 40,212 km)^[1] at an average altitude of 11,000 feet (3,350 m).

Design and development

Voyager on display in the National Air and Space Museum

The aircraft was first imagined by Jeana Yeager, Dick Rutan, and Dick's brother Burt Rutan as they were at lunch in 1981. The initial idea was first sketched out on the back of a napkin. Voyager was built in Mojave, California, over a period of five years. The Voyager was built mainly by a group of volunteers working under both the Rutan Aircraft Factory and an organization set up under the name Voyager Aircraft.

The airframe, largely made of fiberglass, carbon fiber, and Kevlar, weighed 939 pounds (426 kg) when empty. With the engines included, the unladen weight of the plane was 2250 lb (1020.6 kg). However, when it was fully loaded before the historic flight, it weighed 9,694.5 pounds (4,397 kg) due to the large amount of fuel required for the long-distance flight.^[2] The aircraft had an estimated lift to drag ratio (L/D) of 27.^[3] The canard and wing airfoils were custom designed and the aircraft was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics.^[4] Vortex generators were added to the canard, to reduce sensitivity to surface contamination.^[5]

Voyager had front and rear propellers, powered by separate engines. It was originally flown on June 22, 1984, powered by Lycoming O-235 engines with fixed-pitch propellers.^[6] In November 1985, the aircraft was rolled out, fitted with world-flight engines, an air-cooled Teledyne Continental O-240 in the forward location and a liquid-cooled Teledyne Continental IOL-200 in the aft location.^[7] Both were fitted with electrically actuated MT-Propellers.^[8] The plan was for the rear engine to be operated throughout the flight. The front engine was intended to provide additional power for takeoff and the initial part of the flight at heavy weights.

On July 15, 1986, Rutan and Yeager completed a test flight, off of the coast of California, in which they flew for 111 hours and 44 minutes, traveling 11,857 statute miles (19,082 km) ,^[9] breaking the previous record held by a production Canadair CP-107 Argus of the RCAF. The first attempt at this flight was marred by the failure of a propeller pitch change motor and they had to make an emergency landing at Vandenberg Air Force Base.^[10] On a test flight on September 29, 1986, the airplane had to make an emergency landing due to a propeller blade departing the aircraft.^[11] As a result, the decision was made to switch to Hartzell hydraulically actuated propellers.^[12] In a crash program, Hartzell made custom propellers for the aircraft, which were first flown on November 15, 1986.^[13][14]

World flight

Voyager's world flight takeoff took place on the longest runway at Edwards AFB at 8:01 am local time on December 14, 1986, with 3,500 of the world's press in attendance.^[15] As the plane accelerated, the tips of the wings, which were heavily loaded with fuel, were damaged as they unexpectedly flew down and scraped against the runway, ultimately causing pieces (winglets) to break off at both ends. (The pilot had wanted to gain enough speed that the inner wings, rather than the fragile outer wings, would lift the plane; in 67 test flights, the plane had never been loaded to capacity.) The aircraft accelerated very slowly and needed approximately 14,200 feet (2.7 mi)(4.3 km) of the runway to gain enough speed to lift from the ground, the wings arching up dramatically just before take-off. The two damaged winglets remained attached to the wings by only a thin layer of carbon fiber and were removed by flying the Voyager in a slip which introduced side-loading, tearing the winglets off completely. Some of the carbon fiber skin was pulled off in the process, exposing the blue form core. Burt Rutan following with pilot Mike Melvill determined Voyager was still within its performance specifications despite the damage and decided to allow the flight to continue. During the flight, the two pilots had to deal with extremely cramped quarters. To reduce stress, the two had originally intended to fly the plane in three-hour shifts, but flight handling characteristics while the plane was heavy prevented routine changeovers and they became very fatigued. Rutan reportedly stayed at the controls without relief for almost the first three days of the flight.

The damaged left wingtip of Voyager

The plane also continuously reminded the pilots of its pitch instability and fragility. They had to maneuver around bad weather numerous times, most perilously around the 600-mile-wide (1,000 km) Typhoon Marge.^[16] Libya denied access to the country's airspace in response to Operation El Dorado Canyon earlier that year, forcing precious fuel to be used. There were contentious radio conversations between pilot Dick and his brother as Dick flew around weather and at one time, turned around and began doubling back. The belief on the ground was that he was flying the airplane sloppily and was wasting fuel. The strong and often conflicting personalities of Melvill and the Rutan brothers made for many vigorous disagreements over the radio during the world flight. As they neared California to land, a fuel pump failed and had to be replaced with its twin pumping fuel from the other side of the aircraft.

In front of 55,000 spectators and a large press contingent, including 23 live feeds breaking into scheduled broadcasting across Europe and North America, the plane safely came back to earth, touching down at 8:06 a.m. at the same airfield 9 days after take-off. Rutan made three dramatic and agonizing low passes over the landing field before putting Voyager down. The average speed for the flight was 116 miles per hour (187 km/h). There were 106 pounds (48 kg) of fuel remaining in the tanks,^[2] only about 1.5% of the fuel they had at take-off.

Sanctioned by the FAI and the AOPA, the flight was the first successful aerial nonstop, non-refueled circumnavigation of the Earth that included two passes over the Equator (as opposed to shorter ostensible "circumnavigations" circling the North or South Pole). This feat has since been accomplished only one other time, by Steve Fossett in the Global Flyer. For the feat, Yeager, the Rutans, and crew chief/builder Bruce Evans received the 1986 Collier Trophy.^[17]

Voyager is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

Specifications

Data from ^[2]

General characteristics

• Crew: Two pilots
• Length: 29 ft 2 in (8.90 m)
• Wingspan: 110 ft 8 in (33.80 m)
• Height: 10 ft 3 in (3.10 m)
• Wing area: 363 ft² (33.72 m²)
• Empty weight: 2250 lb (1020.6 kg)
• Gross weight: 9694.5 lb (4397.4 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Teledyne Continental O-240, 130 hp (100 kW)

1 × Teledyne Continental IOL-200, 110 hp (81 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 122 mph (196 km/h)
• Range: 24,986 miles (42,212 km)
• Endurance: 216 hours

See also

• The Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer was a jet-powered aircraft also designed by Burt Rutan and built by Scaled Composites, in which Steve Fossett made the first solo nonstop flight around the world in 2005.
• VSS Voyager is another Burt Rutan-designed craft.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Media related to Rutan Voyager at Wikimedia Commons