Shaughnessy playoff system

The Shaughnessy playoff system is a method of determining the champion of a sports league that is not in a divisional alignment. It involves the participation of the top four teams in the league standings in a single elimination tournament.[1][2] While the first round of the playoffs involve the pairing of the first- and fourth-place teams in one contest (whether it be a single game or a series of games) and the second- and third-place teams in the other,[3] a variant of the Shaughnessy playoffs would pair the first- and third-place teams in one semifinal round and the second- and fourth-place teams in the other. In either variant, the winners of the first two games would then compete for the league championship. Some lower-level leagues use a Shaughnessy playoff for purposes of promotion to the next-higher league.

Another variant of the Shaughnessy system exempts a certain number of top teams from the playoffs (usually one to three teams) and instead involves the next four teams in the league standings. This variation is almost always used by a lower-level league for promotion purposes. Typically, the exempted top finishers earn automatic promotion and the playoffs determine the final promotion place.

History and usage

North America

The Shaughnessy playoff system was invented in 1933 by Frank Shaughnessy, the general manager of the Montreal Royals minor league baseball team of the International League. After its successful implementation by the International League, the popularity of the new postseason format spread to other leagues in other sports, including the All-America Football Conference (which used the Shaughnessy playoff system in the league's last season of existence)[4] and the minor American football league American Association, which used the format in five of its championship seasons.[5] The format has also been widely used in minor league baseball on all levels.[6]

In the Original Six era of the National Hockey League (1942-1967), the circuit adopted a Shaughnessy playoff system (first place vs. third place and second place vs. fourth place) in which the paired teams played in a best-four-of-seven-games series with the winners advancing to the Stanley Cup championship round.

Since its first season in 2013, the National Women's Soccer League has used a Shaughnessy playoff (using 1–4 and 2–3 semifinal pairings) to determine its champion.

In NCAA college basketball, one Division I conference uses a Shaughnessy playoff for its postseason tournaments for men and women. The Ivy League will hold its first-ever postseason tournaments for both sexes after the 2016–17 regular season; the top four teams in the regular-season conference standings will advance to a Shaughnessy tournament (also using 1–4 and 2–3 semifinal pairings) at a predetermined site. The winners will receive the Ivies' automatic berths in the NCAA men's and women's tournaments.[7]

Europe

More recently, the Shaughnessy playoff system has been adopted outside of North America. In English rugby union, the format is currently used to determine the winner of the Premiership,[8] and from 2012–13 is also used in the second-level RFU Championship to determine the team to be promoted to the Premiership.[9] The Premiership and Championship formats differ only in the number of games contested—the Premiership playoff uses one-off matches, while all matches in the Championship playoff are two-legged. The Celtic League in Ireland, Scotland and Wales, now known as Pro12, adopted a system identical to that of the Premiership starting in 2009–10, the season before that league expanded to include two teams from Italy.

In French rugby union, the Shaughnessy playoff is currently used to determine the second of two promotion spots in the second-tier Rugby Pro D2, though in that case the teams involved are the second- through fifth-placed teams, as the first-place team earns automatic promotion to the Top 14. Previously, the pure Shaughnessy system had been used to determine the Top 14 champion, but that league's playoffs expanded to six teams starting in 2009–10.

The Super League in rugby league, made up primarily of English sides with one from France, adopted a Shaughnessy playoff beginning in 2015. This follows a 22-match home-and-away league season and a single round-robin mini-league involving the top eight clubs from the home-and-away season. In addition, the second-level Championship adopted a Shaughnessy playoff for its Championship Shield, and the third-level League 1 adopted a Shaughnessy promotion playoff similar to that used by Rugby Pro D2. In the Championship, the bottom eight teams at the end of the league season enter their own single round-robin mini-league, with the top four teams at the end of that phase entering a Shaughnessy playoff for the Shield. In League 1, the top two teams at the end of the regular season play a one-off match for immediate promotion to the following season's Championship. The loser of that match then joins the third- through fifth-place teams from the league season in a Shaughnessy-style playoff for the second promotion place.

Some association football leagues use Shaughnessy-style playoffs for promotion purposes. Among the countries using such a system are:

Southern Hemisphere

In rugby union, the Shaughnessy system has been widely used throughout the SANZAAR countries of South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina.

The Super Rugby competition, initially featuring teams from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, used the Shaughnessy format throughout its history as the Super 12 and Super 14, ending in 2010. The competition's expansion to 15 teams as Super Rugby in 2011 saw the playoffs expand to six teams, with three conference champions and three "wild cards" advancing. With the addition of three more teams in 2016 (with two of the new entries in Argentina and Japan), the playoffs now involve eight teams, with four conference champions and four "wild cards".

In South Africa, the Currie Cup uses a Shaughnessy playoff to determine the champions of both of its divisions (Premier and First).

In New Zealand, the professional Mitre 10 Cup (formerly Air New Zealand Cup and ITM Cup) adopted the Shaughnessy format in 2009, after having used an eight-team playoff bracket in its first two seasons in 2007 and 2008. In 2011, the then-ITM Cup split into two divisions, effectively re-creating the three-division system that existed in the National Provincial Championship era. The playoffs in both the Premiership and Championship divisions use the Shaughnessy system except in World Cup years, in which only the top two teams contest a final. Since its inception in 2007, the amateur Heartland Championship has used the Shaughnessy system, implemented at the last group stage, to determine the winners of both of its trophies, the Meads and Lochore Cups.

Australia's National Rugby Championship, which began play in 2014, uses a Shaughnessy playoff. The country's previous attempt to establish a national league, the Australian Rugby Championship, also used a Shaughnessy playoff, but was scrapped after its only season in 2007.

Philippines

A modified Shaughnessy system has been used by the University Athletic Association of the Philippines for its basketball tournaments since 1993. In the semifinals with a #1 vs. #4 and #2 vs. #3 match-ups, the top two seeds possessing the twice to beat advantage, a variant of the best of three series where the higher seed has 1–0 series lead. The winners advance to the best of three finals; it has never been referred to as the "Shaughnessy system" in the country. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) adopted it for their basketball tournaments starting in 1998. It has since been adopted to other sports by other collegiate leagues, and in the Philippine Basketball Association, since then

Example

As it was used in the playoffs of the 2008–09 Guinness Premiership:

Semi-finals

2009-05-09
15:00
Leicester Tigers 24 – 10 Bath
Try: Hipkiss 17' c
Vesty 38' c
Moody 69' c
Con: Dupuy (3/3)
Pen: Dupuy 51'
 Report Try: Claassens 46' m
Hooper 57' m
Walkers Stadium, Leicester
Attendance: 18,850
2009-05-09
17:30
Harlequins 0 – 17 London Irish
Report Try: Hudson 52' c
Catt 75' c
Con: D. Armitage (2/2)
Pen: D. Armitage 43'
Twickenham Stoop, London
Attendance: 12,638

Final

2009-05-16
17:30
Leicester Tigers 10 – 9 London Irish
Try: Crane 61' c
Con: Dupuy (1/1)
Pen: Dupuy
 Report Pen: D. Armitage (2)
Drop: Hewat
Twickenham, London
Attendance: 81,601
Referee: Wayne Barnes

References

  1. ↑ Nothing Minor About It: The American Association/AFL of 1936-1950 - Bob Gill, Pro Football Researchers Association (1990)
  2. ↑ International League Governors' Cup Championship - from official AAA baseball website
  3. ↑ “It’s a Minor Thing” – Steven Brainerd, Professional Football Researchers Association (1988)
  4. ↑ All-America Football Conference - Stan Grosshandler, Professional Football Researchers Association (1980)
  5. ↑ Nothing Minor About It: The American Association/AFL of 1936-1950 - Bob Gill, Pro Football Researchers Association (1990)
  6. ↑ The Rise of the Midwest League and the Decline of the Three-I League - Tim Rask, Society for American Baseball Research (2007)
  7. ↑ "The Ivy League Adds Men's, Women's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017" (Press release). Ivy League. March 10, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Aviva Premiership Rugby". Premiership Rugby Limited. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  9. ↑ "Championship: RFU to abolish play-off pool stages". BBC Sport. 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
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