Six-stroke engine

The term six-stroke engine has been applied to a number of alternative internal combustion engine designs that attempt to improve on traditional two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Claimed advantages may include increased fuel-efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity and/or reduced emissions. These engines can be divided into two groups based on the number of pistons that contribute to the six strokes.

In the single-piston designs, the engine captures the heat lost from the four-stroke Otto cycle or Diesel cycle and uses it to drive an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston in the same cylinder in an attempt to improve fuel-efficiency and/or assist with engine cooling. The pistons in this type of six-stroke engine go up and down three times for each injection of fuel. These designs use either steam or air as the working fluid for the additional power stroke.[1]

The designs in which the six strokes are determined by the interactions between two pistons are more diverse. The pistons may be opposed in a single cylinder or may reside in separate cylinders. Usually one cylinder makes two strokes while the other makes four strokes giving six piston movements per cycle. The second piston may be used to replace the valve mechanism of a conventional engine, which may reduce mechanical complexity and enable an increased compression ratio by eliminating hotspots that would otherwise limit compression. The second piston may also be used to increase the expansion ratio, decoupling it from the compression ratio. Increasing the expansion ratio in this way can increase thermodynamic efficiency in a similar manner to the Miller or Atkinson cycle.

Engine types

Single-piston designs

These designs use a single piston per cylinder, like a conventional two- or four-stroke engine. A secondary, non-detonating fluid is injected into the chamber, and the leftover heat from combustion causes it to expand for a second power stroke followed by a second exhaust stroke.

Griffin six-stroke engine

The Kerr engine at the Anson Engine Museum

In 1883, the Bath-based engineer Samuel Griffin was an established maker of steam and gas engines. He wished to produce an internal combustion engine, but without paying the licensing costs of the Otto patents. His solution was to develop a "patent slide valve" and a single-acting six-stroke engine using it. By 1886, Scottish steam locomotive maker Dick, Kerr & Co. saw a future in large oil engines and licensed the Griffin patents. These were double-acting, tandem engines and sold under the name "Kilmarnock".[2] A major market for the Griffin engine was in electricity generation, where they developed a reputation for happily running light for long periods, then suddenly being able to take up a large demand for power. Their large heavy construction didn't suit them to mobile use, but they were capable of burning heavier and cheaper grades of oil. The key principle of the "Griffin Simplex" was a heated exhaust-jacketed external vapouriser, into which the fuel was sprayed. The temperature was held around 550 °F (288 °C), sufficient to physically vapourise the oil but not to break it down chemically. This fractional distillation supported the use of heavy oil fuels, the unusable tars and asphalts separating out in the vapouriser. Hot-bulb ignition was used, which Griffin termed the "catathermic igniter", a small isolated cavity connected to the combustion chamber. The spray injector had an adjustable inner nozzle for the air supply, surrounded by an annular casing for the oil, both oil and air entering at 20 psi (140 kPa) pressure, and being regulated by a governor.[3][4] Griffin went out of business in 1923. Only two known examples of a Griffin six-stroke engine survive. One is in the Anson Engine Museum. The other was built in 1885 and for some years was in the Birmingham Museum of Science and Technology, but in 2007 it returned to Bath and the Museum of Bath at Work.[5]

Dyer six-stroke engine

Leonard Dyer invented a six-stroke internal combustion water-injection engine in 1915, very similar to Crower's design (see below). A dozen more similar patents have been issued since.

Dyer's six-stroke engine features:

Bajulaz six-stroke engine

The Bajulaz six-stroke engine is similar to a regular combustion engine in design. There are, however, modifications to the cylinder head, with two supplementary fixed-capacity chambers: a combustion chamber and an air-preheating chamber above each cylinder. The combustion chamber receives a charge of heated air from the cylinder; the injection of fuel begins an isochoric (constant-volume) burn, which increases the thermal efficiency compared to a burn in the cylinder. The high pressure achieved is then released into the cylinder to work the power or expansion stroke. Meanwhile, a second chamber, which blankets the combustion chamber, has its air content heated to a high degree by heat passing through the cylinder wall. This heated and pressurized air is then used to power an additional stroke of the piston.

The claimed advantages of the engine include reduction in fuel consumption by at least 40%, two expansion strokes in six strokes, multi-fuel usage capability, and a dramatic reduction in pollution.[6]

The Bajulaz six-stroke engine was invented in 1989 by Roger Bajulaz of the Bajulaz S.A. company, based in Geneva, Switzerland; it has U.S. Patent 4,809,511 and U.S. Patent 4,513,568.

The Bajulaz six-stroke engine features claimed are:

Velozeta six-stroke engine

In a Velozeta engine, fresh air is injected into the cylinder during the exhaust stroke, which expands by heat and therefore forces the piston down for an additional stroke. The valve overlaps have been removed, and the two additional strokes using air injection provide for better gas scavenging. The engine seems to show 40% reduction in fuel consumption and dramatic reduction in air pollution.[7] Its Power-to-weight ratio is slightly less than that of a four-stroke gasoline engine.[7] The engine can run on a variety of fuels, ranging from gasoline and diesel fuel to LPG. An altered engine shows a 65% reduction in carbon monoxide pollution when compared with the four-stroke engine from which it was developed.[7] The engine was developed in 2005 by a team of mechanical engineering students, Mr. U Krishnaraj, Mr. Boby Sebastian, Mr. Arun Nair and Mr. Aaron Joseph of the College of Engineering, Trivandrum.

NIYKADO six-stroke engine

This engine was designed, developed and patented by Chanayil Cleetus Anil, of Kochi, India, in 2012.[8] He holds Indian patent number IN252642, granted by IPIndia on May 25, 2012. The name of the engine is taken from the name of his company, NIYKADO Motors. The engine underwent a preliminary round of full-throttle tests at the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune.[8] The inventor claims this engine "is 23 per cent more fuel efficient compared to a standard four-stroke engine"[8] and that it is "very low on pollution".[8]

Crower six-stroke engine

In a six-stroke engine prototyped in the United States by Bruce Crower, water is injected into the cylinder after the exhaust stroke and is instantly turned to steam, which expands and forces the piston down for an additional power stroke. Thus, waste heat that requires an air or water cooling system to discharge in most engines is captured and put to use driving the piston.[1] Crower estimated that his design would reduce fuel consumption by 40% by generating the same power output at a lower rotational speed. The weight associated with a cooling system could be eliminated, but that would be balanced by a need for a water tank in addition to the normal fuel tank.

The Crower six-stroke engine was an experimental design that attracted media attention in 2006 because of an interview given by the 75-year-old American inventor, who has applied for a patent on his design.[1] That patent application was subsequently abandoned.[9]

Opposed-piston designs

These designs use two pistons per cylinder operating at different rates, with combustion occurring between the pistons.

Beare head

This design was developed by Malcolm Beare of Australia. The technology combines a four-stroke engine bottom end with an opposed piston in the cylinder head working at half the cyclical rate of the bottom piston. Functionally, the second piston replaces the valve mechanism of a conventional engine. Claimed benefits include a 9% increase in power, and improved thermodynamic efficiency through an increased compression ratio enabled by the elimination of the hot exhaust valve.[10]

M4+2

The M4+2 engine working cycle animation

The M4+2 engines have much in common with the Beare-head engines, combining two opposed pistons in the same cylinder. One piston works at half the cyclical rate of the other, but while the main function of the second piston in a Beare-head engine is to replace the valve mechanism of a conventional four-stroke engine, the M4+2 takes the principle one step further. The double-piston combustion engine's work is based on the cooperation of both modules. The air load change takes place in the two-stroke section of the engine. The piston of the four-stroke section is an air load exchange aiding system, working as a system of valves. The cylinder is filled with air or with an air-fuel mixture. The filling process takes place at overpressure by the slide inlet system. The exhaust gases are removed as in the classical two-stroke engine, by exhaust windows in the cylinder. The fuel is supplied into the cylinder by a fuel-injection system. Ignition is realized by two spark plugs. The effective power output of the double-piston engine is transferred by two crankshafts. The characteristic feature of this engine is an opportunity of continuous change of cylinder capacity and compression rate during engine work by changing the piston's location. The mechanical and thermodynamical models were meant for double-piston engines, which enable to draw up new theoretical thermodynamic cycle for internal combustion double-pistons engine.[11]

The working principle of the engine is explained in the two- and four-stroke engines article.

Other two-piston designs

Piston-charger engine

In this engine, similar in design to the Beare head, a "piston charger" replaces the valve system. The piston charger charges the main cylinder and simultaneously regulates the inlet and the outlet aperture, leading to no loss of air and fuel in the exhaust.[12] In the main cylinder, combustion takes place every turn as in a two-stroke engine and lubrication as in a four-stroke. Fuel injection can take place in the piston charger, in the gas-transfer channel or in the combustion chamber. It is also possible to charge two working cylinders with one piston charger. The combination of compact design for the combustion chamber together with no loss of air and fuel is claimed to give the engine more torque, more power and better fuel consumption. The benefit of fewer moving parts and design is claimed to lead to lower manufacturing costs. Good for hybrid technology and stationary engines. The engine is claimed to be suited to alternative, fuels since there is no corrosion or deposits left on valves. The six strokes are:

  1. Aspiration
  2. Precompression
  3. Gas transfer
  4. Compression
  5. Ignition
  6. Ejection.

This is an invention of Helmut Kottmann from Germany, while working 25 years at MAHLE GmbH piston and cylinder construction. Kottman's US patents 3921608 and 5755191 are listed below.

Ilmor/Schmitz Five-Stroke

This design was invented by Belgian engineer Gerhard Schmitz, and has been prototyped by Ilmor Engineering.[13]

These designs use two (or 4, 6, 8) cylinders with a conventional Otto four-stroke cycle. An additional piston (in its own cylinder) is shared by the two Otto cycle cylinders. The exhaust from the Otto cycle cylinder is directed into the shared cylinder, where it is expanded generating additional work. This is in some respects similar to the operation of a compound steam engine, with the Otto cycle cylinders being the high-pressure stage and the shared cylinder the low pressure stage. The operation of the engine is thus:

HP1 (Otto) LP (shared) HP2 (Otto)
exhaust expansion (power) compression
intake exhaust power
compression expansion (power) exhaust
power exhaust intake

The designers consider this to be a five-stroke design, regarding the simultaneous HP exhaust stroke and LP expansion stroke as a single stroke. This design provides higher fuel efficiency due to the higher overall expansion ratio of the combined cylinders. Expansion ratios comparable to diesel engines can be achieved, while still using gasoline (petrol) fuel. Five-stroke engines allegedly are lighter and have higher power density than diesel engines.

Related patents

Related U.S. patents

Related Indian patents

Related Polish patents

References

  1. 1 2 3 Lyons, Pete (2006-02-27). "Inside Bruce Crower's Six-Stroke Engine". Autoweek.com. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
  2. ↑ "American Griffin Engine". Smokstak.com. November 2007. Retrieved 2014-02-07., linked photos and period diagrams
  3. ↑ Caudle, P.; Brain, Eric (September 2000). "The Griffin Engineering Company". staff.bath.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13.
  4. ↑ Knight, Patrick. A to Z of British Stationary Engines. p. 83.
  5. ↑ "Only surviving Griffin engine returns home to Bath museum". Culture24.org.uk. April 15, 2007. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
  6. ↑ Yuen, W. W.; et al. "The Bajulaz Cycle: a Two-Chamber Internal Combustion Engine with Increased Thermal Efficiency". SAE Technical Paper Series (Feb., 1986,): 1–10. No. 860534.
  7. 1 2 3 "A brilliant six-stroke from techies". 14 February 2007. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Kochiite patents six-stroke engine". Thehindu.com. 4 July 2012.
  9. ↑ "Application 11/494,090: Method and apparatus for operating an internal combustion engine". Google.com. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
  10. ↑ "After 16 years' work –- the six-stroke engine" (PDF). Border Chronicle (Vol. 87 - No. 4365). Bordertown, South Australia. November 10, 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2011.
  11. ↑ Official site of the city of Myszków, Poland(Polish)
  12. ↑ Berni Kühne kuehne@tobe4u.de. "A new Engine generation is born Kottmann-Motor-Team Six-Stroke-Engine. Accessed January 2008". Sechstaktmotor.de. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  13. ↑ "5 Stroke Engine". Ilmor Engineering. Retrieved 2016-02-06.

External links

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