Stephen and Harriet Myers House
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Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence | |
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North (front) elevation, 2015 | |
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| Location | Albany, NY |
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| Coordinates | 42°39′39″N 73°45′15″W / 42.66083°N 73.75417°WCoordinates: 42°39′39″N 73°45′15″W / 42.66083°N 73.75417°W |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1847[1] |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| NRHP Reference # | 04000999[2] |
| Added to NRHP | November 30, 2004 |
The Stephen and Harriet Myers House is located on Livingston Avenue in Albany, New York, United States. It is a Greek Revival townhouse built in the mid-19th century. In 2004 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence.[2] It is also listed on the New York State Underground Railroad Heritage Trail and is a site on the National Park Service's National Network to Freedom.
Stephen Myers, himself freed from slavery in his youth, served for a time as chairman of the Vigilance Committee of Albany, which met here in a house built and owned by an African American boat captain who was possibly his brother-in-law. He and his wife Harriet actively assisted others escaping from slavery for nearly 30 years; he also edited some abolitionist newspapers and spoke with Frederick Douglass at anti-slavery events. He was also active in efforts to improve the Albany African American community, helping to found one of the first schools specifically for it in the city.
The house was later saved from demolition during urban renewal in the 1970s. It has been neglected but is being restored by the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, a community-based historical society, with public and private funds.
Building
The house is located on the south side of Livingston, midway between North Swan and Lark streets, in Albany's Arbor Hill neighborhood north of its downtown areas. It is one of the few brick buildings on that side of the street, in the middle of a group of older timber frame commercial and residential buildings. There are some vacant lots between the newer frame houses on either end of the block built during urban renewal. All are on narrow lots with tall shade trees in the rear. The terrain slopes eastward toward the Hudson River; to the west it levels out.[1]
North Swan, to the east, is the boundary of the Arbor Hill Historic District – Ten Broeck Triangle, also listed on the Register. On that block is Ten Broeck Mansion, a contributing property to that district and listed on the Register individually. Two parks, Wilkie Playground and Arbor Hill Park, are in the blocks to the north.[1]
Exterior
The building itself is a two-and-a-half–story, three-bay structure of brick laid in stretcher bond on an exposed basement. A set of wooden steps lead up to the main entrance, on the western bay. A more modern frame house is abuts on the east. There are no windows on either of the gabled sides. The rear is presently faced in asphalt shingle over the original brick but upon completion of restoration will be exposed brick.[1]
Trim, from the water table to the lintels and sills, is of sandstone. All of the latter are plain and rectangular except for the triangular main entrance lintel. Both first floor windows have original six-over-six double-hung sash. Upstairs, only the western window does; the other two have one-over-one but will ultimately be restored to six-over-six. There are two other one-over-one windows in the basement, and rectangular casement eyebrow windows in the frieze below the attic cornice. As part of the restoration process all of the older features are expected to be restored.[1]
Interior
The main entrance, at the top of the steps, is slightly recessed.[1] Many of its original decorative elements have been removed pending the restoration. Currently it has a modern aluminum door with two acrylic glass panes.
Below the steps is the basement entrance. It opens into a long side hallway. In the front it gives entrance to a large room, probably the original dining room. Most of the interior finishings have deteriorated, but the original wainscoting and a wooden mantelpiece with shelf supported by pilasters. The feature may likely have been decorative as the opening is closed off with original bricks and there is no hearth. In the rear the former kitchen has what remains of a heating plant. The entire wall between it and the hall has been taken down and the building shored up since part of it had collapsed.[1]
At the rear end of the hall the stairs begin. There is a newel post at the base but the balustrade is missing. The stairs make 180-degree turns, with the stairwell windows slightly dropped from the other two on the corresponding story.[1]
The first floor has a similar plan but with higher ceilings in the parlors. Both also have plaster cornices; medallions seem to be missing but remain in the stair hall. Chimney breasts in both rooms have been stripped of their original plaster. The window surrounds, paneling beneath the windows and flooring are all original.[1]
On the second floor the same layout obtains. A small room is at the front end of the hallway above the entrance; the rear room. The bedrooms have their original wooden trim, but no mantelpieces. On either side of the chimney breast in the rear are small closets.[1]
A secondary hall corresponding to the roof ridge divides the two sections of the otherwise similarly planned attic. The front room is further subdivided into a large and small room. Some original wooden trim remains amid the modern paneling the story is currently finished with.[1]
History
The history of the house is most noted in reference to the story of Stephen Myers. He did not own it, but was its second and most famous resident, and made it an important station on the Underground Railroad.
1800–1846: Early life
Stephen Myers was born into slavery around 1800 outside the Rensselaer County hamlet of Hoosick, northeast of Albany. He is listed in some records as having been set free by General Warren, but the identity of a General Warren in 1818 is unclear. No records of the manumission have been found in Albany County archives.[1]
Over the next decade he worked in a variety of positions, including grocer and steamboat steward. In 1827 he married Harriet Johnson in Troy, a short distance north of Albany on the opposite side of the river. The couple eventually had four children.[1]
According to later testimony, he began assisting escapees from slavery four years later. He was also very active in the African American community that had been established in Albany from 1813 on. Many of its members had settled in Arbor Hill, often (contrary to perceptions of later years) living in racially integrated working-class neighborhoods.[1]
Myers advocated for work and education within the African American community, raising money for those causes personally. Among his supporters were John Clarkson Jay, grandson of John Jay, an early governor of New York and first Chief Justice of the United States. A later historian claims Myers helped found the first African-American school in the city, at what is now Israel African Methodist Episcopal Church on Hamilton Street, but there was a school before this one at the African Baptist church on lower Hamilton Street. Myers was the first superintendent of the school at the Methodist Episcopal Church. He fought successfully to establish clearer voting rights for African Americans,[note 1] starting the Albany Suffrage Club and serving as president of the New York State Suffrage Association, personally lobbying state legislators. He also vocally opposed the use of public funds to buy land in Africa and repatriate slaves there.[1]
His first venture into newspaper publishing, The Elevator, took place briefly during this period. Later in the decade Myers became involved with the Northern Star Association, which assisted escaping slaves and published a newspaper, The Northern Star and Freemen's Advocate. Its articles and editorials, many written by Myers, argued against slavery and for temperance and African American self-help, education and employment. The association was initially a rival to Albany's older Vigilance Committee, whose membership was drawn from a wider base, including the city's more established African American families and many religious denominations that vocally opposed slavery. It also published a newspaper called the Tocsin of Liberty.[1]
The two organizations, through their newspapers, criticized each other for not doing an effective job of assisting those escaping from slavery, and freedmen in the Albany area who already had. At one point, shortly after the association had been founded, the Tocsin accused Myers of pocketing money meant for the committee. In fact, he had only accepted it on behalf of the association, since it was for whom the money was intended rather than the committee.[1]
In the mid-1840s the animosity between the two cooled following the deaths of two prominent clergymen in the Vigilance Committee, both in martyrdom to the cause. Abel Brown, a Baptist minister, contracted fatal pneumonia on a trip to Western New York where he was preaching against slavery. The other, Charles Torrey, who had been one of Myers' chief accusers, was arrested in Maryland for assisting escaped slaves and died in prison there two years later. Back in Albany, the two groups effectively merged and Stephen Myers became chair of the enlarged Vigilance Committee.[1]
From the new position, Myers became prominent in the abolition movement beyond Albany. He not only continued publishing The Northern Star, but appeared at anti-slavery events and conferences in the region, sometimes sharing the podium with Frederick Douglass, who in later life cited him specifically as key to the Underground Railroad. From the Myers' house fugitives were sent along to the west, eventually to cross into Canada and freedom.[1]
1847: Construction of house
In 1847 John Johnson, an African American who captained a sloop named Miriam (according to Munsell's historical Annuls of Albany)in the slips near the base of Livingston Avenue, then called Lumber Street due to the large homes of the many lumber company executives built near the slips, built the house at what was then number 198. The neighborhood at the time was predominantly working class, with many residents working on the boats or slips for the executives down the hill. City directories of the era show an Abram Johnson living nearby; According to the 1855 Census, John was his son and Harriet, who married Stephen Myers, his daughter.[1]
John Johnson owned the house; it is not known under what arrangement Stephen Myers and his family lived there. No architect is known; it seems to have been a standard Albany rowhouse of the mid-19th century. It is distinguished as an Albany townhouse from otherwise similar structures in Troy by its rear stairwell with its 180-degree turns and dropped windows. Johnson and his builders seem to have followed the plan strictly, leaving the sides windowless even though there was little likelihood that an attached structure would later be built next door since there was already a house in the rear that needed street access.[1]
1848–1870s: Later life
Two years after moving into the new house, in 1849, Myers merged The Northern Star with another upstate abolitionist newspaper, The True American, published by Samuel Ringgold Ward in Cortland. The combined paper, published from Syracuse, was called The Impartial Citizen. It lasted only another two years before going bankrupt.[1]
The 1850s were difficult times for anti-slavery activists, particularly those involved in running the Underground Railroad, due to the passage of a tougher Fugitive Slave Act which required law enforcement in all states to assist in the recapture of those escaping from slavery, and increased penalties against those who assisted escapees. Myers started another newspaper, The Telegraph and Journal, but closed it again in 1855, imploring subscribers in its last issue to subscribe instead to Douglass's newspaper to further the cause.[1]
In 1850 Myers had been elected to the executive committee of the American League of Colored Laborers, part of his continuing activism beyond abolition. Two years later he stepped down as chair of the Vigilance Committee, but continued his efforts for the Underground Railroad. In early 1856 the Vigilance Committee passed a resolution honoring him for having assisted 287 fugitives in less than a year. A later historian of African American abolitionists wrote that Myers' house "had the reputation of being the best-run part of the Underground Railroad in the state."[1]
Paul Stewart, a historian who has worked on the restoration of the house, says the Myerses were very open about what they were doing and hospitable to the fugitives who passed through. "When you say Underground Railroad, you think of a lot of secrecy and people hiding in corners ... But the closer you look at things, the more you learn. They entertained people at their dinner table. They probably had them sleeping in the upstairs bedroom. It's not like they were hiding them in the basement.[3]" Myers sent many of them on to stations at Syracuse or Oswego. Some went directly north, the shorter route to Canada, usually via steamboats along Lake Champlain.[4]
Without the newspapers, Myers had to find other employment. In August 1860 he was working as a butler in Lake George. Back in Albany, Harriet kept the station running. She wrote to William Jay that she assisted ten fugitives that month. At the end of the year, Stephen told Jay that he had received more in the preceding two months than any period of four months since he had started his Underground Railroad work.[4]
This was due to the imminent start of the American Civil War. As the cause he had fought for all his adult life became the focus of armed conflict, Myers remained active. He organized local celebrations of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and personally recruited soldiers for the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and other black units raised by that state.[1]
After the Union victory in 1865, Harriet Myers died. Her obituary notes her service in assisting those escaping from slavery, and the support she provided her husband in running his newspapers. Five years later, Stephen died. The Albany Evening Times reported that he had most recently been working as a janitor for former Union Army general Patrick Henry Jones, then serving as New York City's postmaster. "[He] did more for his people than any other colored man living, not excepting Fred[erick] Douglass," the paper claimed.[5] His is buried in Albany Rural Cemetery Albany Rural Cemetery, a common final resting place for city residents of the era.[1]
1871–present: Decline and restoration
After the Myers family, the house passed through a succession of other owners. It remained unaltered. The original house to the south was replaced with the structure currently there in 1872.[1]
By the middle of the 20th century, it was unoccupied and was showing signs of urban decay. Many of the surrounding houses from the previous century in the Arbor Hill neighborhood were demolished based on a 1962 urban renewal plan. The Myers house, along with some of the older houses near it, was spared.[1]
The neglect continued, however, and by the 21st century the house had become county property through tax foreclosure. Local historian Paul Stewart and his wife, Mary Liz, after researching Myers and his work, formed the Underground Railroad History Project of the Capital Region, hosting an annual conference on slavery with speakers from around the world starting in 2001. The new group was able to buy the property from the county in 2004 for $1,500.[6]
For the next several years, the organization raised money to restore the house, with the goal of making it a historic house museum devoted to Myers and the local Underground Railroad. The state's Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) gave them a $50,000 grant at first; by 2007, when the first work got underway, over half a million dollars had been raised. Four years later the EPF came through with a $350,000 grant, a quarter of which had to be matched. The group is hoping to complete the restoration and open the building to the public in by the end of 2012.[6]
See also
Notes
- ↑ While New York at the time did not bar men from voting on the basis of race, the property qualification required at the time had the practical effect of disenfranchising almost all the African Americans in the state.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)" (Searchable database). New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2016-02-01. Note: This includes Mark Peckham (July 2004). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Stephen and Harriet Myers Residence" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-02-01. and Accompanying photographs
- 1 2 National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
- ↑ "Albany's Myers House". The Daily Gazette. Schenectady, NY. February 22, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- 1 2 "UGRR Agents and Conductors". North Country Underground Railroad Historical Association. 2005–2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- ↑ "Stephen Myers". 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
- 1 2 Demare, Carol (April 6, 2011). "Saving Underground Railroad haven". Times Union. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
External links
Media related to Stephen and Harriet Myers House at Wikimedia Commons
- Underground Railroad Workshop page on the house
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