Sturdivant Gang
| Founded by | Sturdivant Family (1st-generation - 1780s), (2nd-generation - ?), (3rd-generation - 1810s-1830s - Roswell S. Sturdivant, Merrick Sturdivant) |
|---|---|
| Founding location | Connecticut, Massachusetts, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois ? |
| Years active | 1780s-1830s |
| Territory | Connecticut, Massachusetts, Kentucky, Tennessee, Manville Ferry, New Athens, St. Clair County, Illinois and Sturdivant's Fort, Pope County, Illinois, present-day Rosiclare, Hardin County, Illinois |
| Ethnicity | European-American |
| Membership (est.) | ? |
| Criminal activities | counterfeiting |
| Roswell S. Sturdivant | |
|---|---|
| Born |
1700s-1800s Connecticut, Massachusetts, Kentucky, or Tennessee |
| Died |
after 1831 (aged ?) unknown |
| Cause of death | unknown |
| Resting place | unknown |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | John Sturdivant, Jack Sturdivant, "Bloody Jack" Sturdivant, Sturdivant the Counterfeiter |
| Occupation | counterfeiter, gambler |
| Known for | For being the co-leader, with Merrick Sturdivant, of the Sturdivant Gang, of counterfeiters, on the Illinois frontier, from the 1810s-1830s and having survived a knife duel, with the legendary Jim Bowie, in Natchez, Mississippi |
| Parent(s) | Azor Sturdivant (father) |
| Relatives | Merrick Sturdivant (brother) |
| Merrick Sturdivant | |
|---|---|
| Born |
1700s-1800s Connecticut, Massachusetts, Kentucky, or Tennessee |
| Died |
after 1831 (aged ?) unknown |
| Cause of death | unknown |
| Resting place | unknown |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | counterfeiter |
| Known for | For being the co-leader, with Roswell S. Sturdivant, of the Sturdivant Gang, of counterfeiters, on the Illinois frontier, from the 1810s-1830s |
| Parent(s) | Azor Sturdivant (father) |
| Relatives | Roswell S. Sturdivant (brother) |
The Sturdivant Gang was a multi-generational, family gang of counterfeiters, whose criminal activities took place over a fifty-year period, from the 1780s, in Connecticut and Massachusetts, also, from Virginia via Tennessee and finally settled on the Illinois frontier, of 1810s-1830s. Although, they did not follow the same frontier settlement pattern, as most of the "Ancient Colony of Horse-Thieves, Counterfeiters and Robbers", who were usually from the region of the Southern United States, who moved west through the Appalachian Mountains and followed the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers into the Middle West.
Third generation of counterfeiters
By the 1810s, the third-generation, of the Sturdivant family counterfeiters, were organized by Roswell S. Sturdivant and his brother, Merrick Sturdivant, who led the gang, which was partially based at Manville Ferry, St. Clair County, Illinois, now present-day New Athens, and at Sturdivant's Fort, in Pope County, Illinois, now present-day Rosiclare, Hardin County, Illinois.
Counterfeiting at Sturdivant's Fort
Although, the Sturdevant Gang did not base their counterfeiting operations, directly, at Cave-in-Rock, on the Ohio River, in Pope County, Illinois, now present-day Hardin County, Illinois, they were considered, part of, the second wave of criminal activity, associated, within sphere of influence, of the region of the landmark Cave. The Sturdevant brothers ran their counterfeit money-making factory, inside a heavily-fortified, two story, log blockhouse, protected, from within, by a 6-pounder howitzer cannon, trained at the door and known as "Sturdivant's Fort". The blockhouse fortress was constructed to be strategically located downriver, at the top of a cliff, overlooking the Ohio River, and clearly visible from the Cave-in-Rock bluff. The former site of the Sturdivant Gang blockhouse, is now the location of the present-day Rosiclare water treatment plant, in Hardin County. The counterfeiters' blockhouse, was raided, by local law enforcement and regulator/vigilantes, in 1822 and by citizen mob action, twice, in 1823, which finally drove out the Sturdevant Gang, from the lower Ohio River valley. In his book, A History of Illinois from Its Commencement as a State from 1818 to 1847, Illinois governor, Thomas Ford incorrectly claimed, that the Sturdivant Gang was driven out, from Sturdivant's Fort, in 1831.
Roswell Sturdivant in Natchez
In 1829, Roswell S. Sturdivant, who was also, known as John, Jack, and "Bloody Jack", became a professional gambler, in a Mississippi River, waterfront, gambling den, in an undesirable part of Natchez, Mississippi, called "Natchez-under-the-Hill". Sturdivant, as dealer in a faro card game, cheated a friend, of James Bowie, named Lattimore, out his money. Bowie, who sat for the next hand, won back all the money lost by his friend, which caused "Bloody Jack" Sturdivant to feel slighted and he foolishly challenged Bowie to a knife duel. Jim Bowie, with his left wrist tied to Sturdivant's, won the knife fight, sparing the life of Sturdivant, in which he received a horrible leg wound, from the infamous Bowie knife.
The Sturdivant brothers were criminal contemporaries of James Ford and the Ford's Ferry Gang and his partner, Isaiah L. Potts, alias, "Billy Potts" and the Potts's Hill Gang.
The Sturdevant Gang was often confused with the counterfeiter, John Duff, who operated, from 1790-1799, around the region of Illinois and Kentucky, near Cave-in-Rock, by 19th and early 20th century historians.
References
- Ford, Governor Thomas. A History of Illinois from Its Commencement as a State from 1818 to 1847. New York: Ivison & Phinney, 1854.
- Rothert, Otto A. The Outlaws of Cave-In-Rock. Cleveland: Otto A. Rothert, 1924; rpt. 1996 ISBN 0-8093-2034-7
- Wellman, Paul I. Spawn of evil: the invisible empire of soulless men which for a generation held the Nation in a spell of terror. New York: Doubleday, 1964.
- Wellman, Paul I. The Iron Mistress. London: Four Square Books, (1951) 1966.
- Sturdivant Gang and Ford's Ferry Gang Rogue's Gallery
- The Raid on Sturdivant Fort
- Sturdivant the Counterfeiter