Symphony No. 3 (Copland)

Description

Symphony No. 3 was Aaron Copland's technical third and final symphony, its premiere performance taking place on October 18, 1946, by the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Serge Koussevitzky.

Written at the end of World War II, it is known as the essential American symphony that fuses his distinct "Americana" style of the ballets (Rodeo, etc.) with the form of the symphony, which has generally been a European-dominated musical form. The Fanfare for the Common Man is used as a theme in the fourth movement. Various fragments from Fanfare are also used for primary thematic material in the first three movements.

$\relative c''' { \clef treble \key e \major \time 4/4 \tempo "Molto moderato - with simple expression" 4 = 42 \partial 4*1 e4(\p_"dolce" | b2) r4 e( | gis, e' a,2)~ | a8 r e'4( b2 ~ | \time 2/4 b }$

The first movement (Molto moderato) opens with a simple theme in the woodwinds and strings, which is echoed warmly throughout the orchestra before quickly heightening into a brassy fanfare (in which we get our first hints of the Fanfare for the Common Man theme.)

$\relative c { \clef bass \time 4/4 \tempo "Più moss ancora" 4 = 92 d\f-> f-- a2-- | b4-- a-- gis2-- | fis4-> a-- d-- cis-- | c-- ees-- g2-- }$

The movement ends as peacefully as it started, but we are quickly snapped out of the reverie with the thunderous timpani thump that launches the lively scherzo into action.

$<< \new Staff \relative c' { \clef treble \time 2/2 \key c \major \tempo "Allegro molto" 2 = 108 r4 c8\f-> f a4-> b-> | c1->\sf } \new RhythmicStaff { \clef bass f4_"Gran Cassa"\ff r4 r2 | r1 } >>$

The whirling second movement (Allegro molto) features a dashing, boisterous theme, settling into gentler, pastoral segment but ending exuberantly.

$\relative c''' { \clef treble \key b \minor \time 5/4 \tempo "Andantino quasi allegretto" 4 = 84 b4(\pp d2) fis | gis4( fis2) eis | \time 3/4 dis4( fis2) | b4.( bes) | a( c) | e2. }$

The third movement (Andantino quasi allegretto) opens slowly and contemplatively, featuring Copland's typically sparse and almost ambiguous harmonies. It digresses into a frisky dance-like passage, vaguely Latin American in tone, before transitioning uninterrupted into the finale (Molto deliberato - Allegro risoluto), where we hear a variation on the Fanfare for the Common Man in its full glory.

$\relative c'' { \clef treble \key aes \major \time 4/4 \tempo "Molto deliberato" <ees ees,>16( <aes aes,> <ees' ees,>8~ <ees ees,>2.) | <aes, aes,>16( <ees' ees,> <des des,>8~ <des des,>2) <f aes,>4( | <des f,> <aes des,> <ees as,>2~ | <ees aes,>4) }$

The duration of this movement is spent primarily with the development and recapitulation of the Fanfare melody: Copland gives it a dazzling contrapuntal treatment while at the same time managing to introduce an entirely new theme. The symphony closes majestically with a final reprise of both the Fanfare and the symphony's opening motif.

In 1947 Leonard Bernstein, whilst performing the work in Israel removed some 12-bars from the fourth movement without Copland's consent. Later on, the composer agreed to these cuts, which were incorporated in the 1966 edition published by Boosey & Hawkes. However, in June, 2015, B & H published a new performing edition in which the cuts have been restored to conform with original manuscript dating from 1946. There is presently no commercial recording featuring the restored bars.

The overall tone of the work is one of heroism and dignity, and it leaves an appropriately stirring impression.

Note that the Fanfare in the Fourth Movement is not a direct copy of the stand-alone work Fanfare for the Common Man. There are numerous subtle changes, including a new introduction (a woodwind duet begins the Fourth Movement,) two key changes, and different percussion parts.

Instrumentation

The symphony is scored for a large orchestra, including 2 piccolo, 3 flutes, 3 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in B-flat, E-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns in F, 4 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, tenor drum, snare drum, triangle, tamtam, glockenspiel, xylophone, anvil, claves, ratchet, whip, tubular bells, wood block, piano, celesta, 2 harps, and strings.

Discography

Copland recorded this work himself with the London Symphony Orchestra for CBS (now Sony Classical), and for Everest Records.
Neeme Järvi and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra on Chandos play this symphony together with another work commissioned by Koussevitzky, the Roy Harris Symphony No. 3.^[1]
Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic have recorded in 1966 what may be the best-known performance of the work, available on Sony Classical, previously on Columbia Masterworks Records. In 1986 he re-recorded the piece with the same forces for Deutsche Grammophon.^[2]
Yoel Levi and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra have also recorded the work for Telarc.
Eiji Oue and the Minnesota Orchestra have also recorded the work for Reference Recordings.^[2]
Eduardo Mata and the Dallas Symphony Orchestra on EMI Classics

References

↑ Achenbach, Andrew (November 1996). "Copland Symphony 3/Harris Symphony 3". Gramophone. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
1 2 Dickinson, Peter (2000). "Copland Symphony No. 3; Appalachian Spring Suite". Gramophone. Retrieved November 14, 2015.

External links

Aaron Copland

Operas	The Second Hurricane The Tender Land

Ballets	Appalachian Spring Billy the Kid Rodeo

Orchestral works	Connotations El Salón México Fanfare for the Common Man Inscape Lincoln Portrait Orchestral Variations Symphony for Organ and Orchestra Symphony No. 3

Concertos	Clarinet Concerto

Incidental and film music	Our Town Quiet City The City The Red Pony

Vocal music	Old American Songs In the Beginning

Piano music	The Cat and the Mouse Night-Thoughts Piano Variations

Named for Copland	Aaron Copland School of Music Copland (crater)

Related articles	Aaron Copland House Neoclassicism Serialism Twelve-tone technique

List of compositions by Aaron Copland Category:Compositions by Aaron Copland

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