Tetraphis pellucida
| Tetraphis pellucida | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Tetraphis pellucida | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Order: | Tetraphidales |
| Family: | Tetraphidaceae |
| Genus: | Tetraphis |
| Species: | T. pellucida |
| Binomial name | |
| Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. | |
Tetraphis pellucida, the pellucid four-tooth moss,[1] is one of two species of moss in the acrocarpous genus Tetraphis.[2] Its name refers to its four large peristome teeth found on the sporophyte capsule.
Range and Morphology
Tetraphis pellucida occurs almost exclusively on rotten stumps and logs,[3] and is native to the northern hemisphere.[4] The leafy shoot is between eight and 15 mm tall. The lower leaves are one to two mm long, where as the upper and perichaetial leaves-leaves that surround the archegonia- are three mm long. Leaves plane and entire at the margins.[3]
Reproduction
Tetraphis pellucida reproduces both asexually through the production of gemmae, and sexually resulting in a sporophyte which will produce spores.
Asexual Reproduction
Tetraphis pellucida reproduces asexually through the use of asexual propagules called gemmae. The gemmae are found either in gemma cups or stalks. Gemmae cups are typically composed of three to five larger specialized leaves, and house gemmae in the center. Stalk gemmae are found in a terminal cluster on a microphyllous stalk that extends one to four millimeters above the leafy gametophyte.[5] Gemmae are distributed largely through the energy provided by precipitation. This is possible due to the shape of gemmae cups, it allows them to harness the energy of a raindrop to propel the gemmae. Through this method it has been calculated that the average distance achieved by a gemma in a cup bearing gemmiferous shoot was 19.5 mm and 13.3 mm by a stalk gemmiferous shoot. It has been found that through disturbances gemmae found in a cup goes a distance of 12.1 mm and 16.9 mm for a stalk gemmae [5]
Gemmae Germination
In environmentally controlled experiments with standard conditions (12 hours light/12 hour dark) gemmae germinated in two to four days, typically with six to eight protonemata. This growth produces a stellate structure after seven to ten days, at this time branching of the protonemata occurs. After ten days the leafy gametophyte begins to develop, either directly from the gemma or from the protonema.[6]
Sexual Reproduction
Tetraphis pellucida also reproduces sexually. It is a dioicous moss, having antheridia and archegonia on different gametophores. Once the archegonia is fertilized the sporophyte generation begins to form. It develops to have a seta six to 14 mm long, and have a capsule two to three mm long, with a one mm operculum. The fully developed capsule will have four peristome teeth attached to the rim of capsule. Inside the spores develop to be smooth or finely roughened and 10-13 micrometers.[3]
Sporophyte Production
Due to the fact that the apical cell of Tetraphis pellucida stops dividing at an early stage of sporophyte development, much of the growth of the sporophyte is due to cell elongation and division below the apex.[7]
Changes in Reproduction
Whether Tetraphis pellucida as a colony exhibits asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction is determined based on shoot density.[8] At low densities (less than 70 shoots per cm^2) there are no sporophytes and solely possess gemmiferous shoots. At a density over 70 shoots/cm^2 gametophores begin to appear, by 190 shoots/cm^2 there are no gemmiferous shoots. Initially archegoniophores(gametophyte shoots bearing archegonia) out number antheridiophores (gametophyte shoots bearing antheridia), but as the density increases more the antheridiophores greatly outnumber the archegoniophores.[8]
Disturbance in Colonies
Tetraphis pellucida develops a low-density asexual colony on a bare substrate, and is very susceptible to being out competed by species it commonly occurs with. Sexual colonies are much more likely to be disturbed than asexual colonies. Without disturbance Tetraphis pellucida has a very low probability of reestablishing where senescent or competitor colonies are.[9] This is shown in the fact that Tetraphis pellucida is the dominant species in gaps of bryophyte communities on logs, whereas they are a minor component in an undisturbed community.[10]
Differentiating from Tetraphis geniculata
Tetraphis pellucida is characterized by having a straight smooth-lacking protrusions- seta. Whereas Tetraphis geniculata is charecturized by having a papillose or tuberculate surface in the upper portion of a sharply bent seta. Upon further examination Tetraphis geniculata has bulging cell walls that are common in the central region of the seta, and smooth directly below the capsule, spiral torsion of the seta is also common.[11]
References
- ↑ Edwards, Sean R. (2012). English Names for British Bryophytes. British Bryological Society Special Volume. 5 (4 ed.). Wootton, Northampton: British Bryological Society. ISBN 978-0-9561310-2-7. ISSN 0268-8034.
- ↑ "Tetraphis pellucida". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- 1 2 3 Crum, Howard (28 May 2004). Mosses of the Great Lakes Forest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Herbarium. pp. 549–551. ISBN 9780962073342.
- ↑ Lepp, Heino. "Tetraphis pellucida". Australlian National Botanic Gardens and Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- 1 2 Kimmerer, Robin Wall (1991). "Reproductive Ecology of Tetraphis pellucida II. Differential Success of Sexual and Asexual Propagules". The Bryologist. 94 (3): 284–288. doi:10.2307/3243966.
- ↑ Schneider, M.J; A.J. Sharp (Summer 1962). "Observations on the Reproduction and Development of Tetraphis pellucida in Culture". The Bryologist. 65 (2): 154–166. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(1962)65[154:ootrad]2.0.co;2.
- ↑ Shaw, Jonathan; Lewis E. Anderson (July 1988). "Peristome Development in Mosses in Relation to Systematics and Evolution. II. Tetraphis pellucida (Tetraphaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 75 (7): 1019–1032. doi:10.2307/2443770.
- 1 2 Kimmerer, Robin Wall (Autumn 1991). "Reproductive Ecology of Tetraphis pellucida I. Population Density and Reproductive Mode". The Bryologist. 94 (3): 255–260. doi:10.2307/3243962.
- ↑ Kimmerer, Robin Wall (Spring 1993). "Disturbance and Dominance in Tetraphis pellucida: A Model of Disturbance frequency and Reproductive Mode". The Bryologist. 96 (1): 73–79. doi:10.2307/3243322.
- ↑ Kimmerer, Robin Wall (Spring 1994). "Ecological Consequences of Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction in Dicranum flagellare and Tetraphis pellucida". The Bryologist. 97 (1): 20–25. doi:10.2307/3243344.
- ↑ Weber, William A.; Leo D. Simone (Spring 1977). "Tetraphis pellucida and T. geniculata: Scindulae as Diagnostic Features of Bryophytes". The Bryologist. 80 (1): 164–167. doi:10.2307/3242528.