Text file
 | |
| Filename extension |
.txt |
|---|---|
| Internet media type |
text/plain |
| Type code | TEXT |
| Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | public.plain-text |
| UTI conformation | public.text |
| Type of format | Document file format, Generic container format |
A text file (sometimes spelled "textfile": an old alternative name is "flatfile") is a kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file exists within a computer file system. The end of a text file is often denoted by placing one or more special characters, known as an end-of-file marker, after the last line in a text file. Such markers were required under the CP/M and MS-DOS operating systems. On modern operating systems such as Windows or Linux, text files do not contain any special EOF character.
"Text file" refers to a type of container, while plain text refers to a type of content. Text files can contain plain text, but they are not limited to such.
At a generic level of description, there are two kinds of computer files: text files and binary files.[1]
Data storage
Because of their simplicity, text files are commonly used for storage of information. They avoid some of the problems encountered with other file formats, such as endianness, padding bytes, or differences in the number of bytes in a machine word. Further, when data corruption occurs in a text file, it is often easier to recover and continue processing the remaining contents. A disadvantage of text files is that they usually have a low entropy, meaning that the information occupies more storage than is strictly necessary.
A simple text file needs no additional metadata to assist the reader in interpretation, and therefore may contain no data at all, which is a case of zero byte file.
Encoding
The ASCII character set is the most common format for English-language text files, and is generally assumed to be the default file format in many situations. For accented and other non-ASCII characters, it is necessary to choose a character encoding. In many systems, this is chosen on the basis of the default locale setting on the computer it is read on. Common character encodings include ISO 8859-1 for many European languages.
Because many encodings have only a limited repertoire of characters, they are often only usable to represent text in a limited subset of human languages. Unicode is an attempt to create a common standard for representing all known languages, and most known character sets are subsets of the very large Unicode character set. Although there are multiple character encodings available for Unicode, the most common is UTF-8, which has the advantage of being backwards-compatible with ASCII; that is, every ASCII text file is also a UTF-8 text file with identical meaning.
Formats
On most operating systems the name text file refers to file format that allows only plain text content with very little formatting (e.g., no bold or italic types). Such files can be viewed and edited on text terminals or in simple text editors. Text files usually have the MIME type "text/plain", usually with additional information indicating an encoding.
Windows text files
MS-DOS and Windows use a common text file format, with each line of text separated by a two-character combination: carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF). It is common for the last line of text not to be terminated with a CR-LF marker, and many text editors (including Notepad) do not automatically insert one on the last line.
On Microsoft Windows operating systems, a file is regarded as a text file if the suffix of the name of the file (the "filename extension") is "txt". However, many other suffixes are used for text files with specific purposes. For example, source code for computer programs is usually kept in text files that have file name suffixes indicating the programming language in which the source is written.
Most Windows text files use "ANSI", "OEM", "Unicode" or "UTF-8" encoding. What Windows terminology calls "ANSI encodings" are usually single-byte ISO-8859 encodings (i.e. ANSI in the Microsoft Notepad menus is really "System Code Page", non-Unicode, legacy encoding), except for in locales such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean that require double-byte character sets. ANSI encodings were traditionally used as default system locales within Windows, before the transition to Unicode. By contrast, OEM encodings, also known as MS-DOS code pages, were defined by IBM for use in the original IBM PC text mode display system. They typically include graphical and line-drawing characters common in (possibly full-screen) MS-DOS applications. "Unicode"-encoded Windows text files contain text in UTF-16 Unicode Transformation Format. Such files normally begin with Byte Order Mark (BOM), which communicates the endianness of the file content. Although UTF-8 does not suffer from endianness problems, many Windows programs (i.e. Notepad) prepend the contents of UTF-8-encoded files with BOM,[2] to differentiate UTF-8 encoding from other 8-bit encodings.[3]
Unix text files
On Unix-like operating systems text files format is precisely described: POSIX defines a text file as a file that contains characters organized into zero or more lines,[4] where lines are sequences of zero or more non-newline characters plus a terminating newline character,[5] normally LF.
Additionally, POSIX defines a printable file as a text file whose characters are printable or space or backspace according to regional rules. This excludes control characters, which are not printable.[6]
Apple Macintosh text files
Prior to the advent of OS X, the "Classic" Mac OS system regarded the content of a file (the data fork) to be a text file when its resource fork indicated that the type of the file was "TEXT".[7] Lines of Macintosh text files are terminated with CR characters.[8]
Being certified Unix, OS X uses POSIX format for text files.[8] Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) used for text files in OS X is "public.plain-text"; additional, more specific UTIs are: "public.utf8-plain-text" for utf-8-encoded text, "public.utf16-external-plain-text" and "public.utf16-plain-text" for utf-16-encoded text and "com.apple.traditional-mac-plain-text" for legacy Mac OS text files.[7]
Rendering
When opened by a text editor, human-readable content is presented to the user. This often consists of the file's plain text visible to the user. Depending on the application, control codes may be rendered either as literal instructions acted upon by the editor, or as visible escape characters that can be edited as plain text. Though there may be plain text in a text file, control characters within the file (especially the end-of-file character) can render the plain text unseen by a particular method.
See also
Notes and references
- ↑ Lewis, John (2006). Computer Science Illuminated. Jones and Bartlett. ISBN 0-7637-4149-3.
- ↑ "Using Byte Order Marks". Internationalization for Windows Applications. Microsoft. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- ↑ Freytag, Asmus (2015-12-18). "FAQ – UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM". The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
Yes, UTF-8 can contain a BOM. However, it makes no difference as to the endianness of the byte stream. UTF-8 always has the same byte order. An initial BOM is only used as a signature — an indication that an otherwise unmarked text file is in UTF-8. Note that some recipients of UTF-8 encoded data do not expect a BOM. Where UTF-8 is used transparently in 8-bit environments, the use of a BOM will interfere with any protocol or file format that expects specific ASCII characters at the beginning, such as the use of "#!" of at the beginning of Unix shell scripts.
- ↑ "3.397 Text File". IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- ↑ "3.206 Line". IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- ↑ "3.284 Printable File". IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
- 1 2 "System-Declared Uniform Type Identifiers". Guides and Sample Code. Apple Inc. 2009-11-17. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
- 1 2 "Designing Scripts for Cross-Platform Deployment". Mac Developer Library. Apple Inc. 2014-03-10. Retrieved 2016-09-12.