The Bravo

The Bravo

First edition title page
Author James Fenimore Cooper
Country United States
Language English
Genre Novel
Publication date
 1831

The Bravo is a novel by James Fenimore Cooper first published in 1831 in three volumes. Inspired by a trip to Europe where he traveled through much of Italy, the novel is set in Venice. The Bravo is the first of Cooper's three novels to be set in Europe.[1] This group of three novels, which one critic would call Cooper's "European trilogy", include The Heidenmauer and The Headsman.[2] Like his other novels set in Europe, The Bravo was not very well received in the United States.[3] The book largely focuses on political themes, especially the tension between the social elite and other classes.

Background

In 1829-1830, Cooper toured Italy with his wife and family.[4] Starting in Florence, where he spent considerable time absorbing the Tuscan culture, Cooper departed on a sailing trip around Italy, visiting many historic cities including Genoa Marseilles and much of Southern Italy. In Sorrento, Cooper finished Water Witch, after which, he again departed, sailing again through the Adriatic. Upon reaching Venice, Cooper was so struck by the architecture that he was inspired to write the novel that would become The Bravo.[5]

Style

In The Bravo, Cooper uses lightness and darkness to paint the scenes. However, unlike some of his other books, The Bravo is predominated by dark settings and language. Following his political themes, the official political powers in the novel are often draped in dark settings. In this context, the few chapters which present Venice as brightly lit, depict daylight as a hypocritical false front. However, Moonlight, unlike sunlight and artificial lighting, illuminates scenes of hope to overcome the dark "official Venice".[6]

Themes

The Bravo deals with many political themes. Cooper would later explain that he wrote the novel because " the great political contest of the age was not, as is usually pre- tended, between the two antagonist principles of monarchy and democracy, but in reality between those who, under the shallow pre- tence of limiting power to the elite of society, were contending for exclusive advantages at the expense of the mass of their fellow-creature." [1] He saw under Europe's old order and lush surface, "an oppressive social order without any sense of divine law in nature" which sat in antithesis to America's unexplored wilderness and less structured society.[7] To Cooper, Venice's government is unable to meet the demands of its citizens, even representing its aristocrats as victims.[8]

Adaptations

The novel was adapted into a play, La Vénétienne, by Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois; this in turn served as the basis for an opera, Il bravo, by Saverio Mercadante, which premiered in 1839 at La Scala.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 Loveland, Anne C. (Summer 1969). "James Fenimore Cooper and the American Mission". American Quarterly. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 21 (2, Part 1): 244–258. JSTOR 2711577.
  2. ↑ Collins, Frank M. (Mar 1966). "Cooper and the American Dream". PMLA. Modern Language Association. 81 (1): 79–94. JSTOR 461311.
  3. ↑ Zoellner, Robert H. (Spring 1961). "Fenimore Cooper: Alienated American". American Quarterly. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 13 (1): 55–66. JSTOR 2710512.
  4. ↑ "The Bravo". The Cooper Bookshelf. The Otsego Templeton Publishing Company. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  5. ↑ Goggio, Emilio (Jan 1945). "The Italy of James Fenimore Cooper". The Modern Language Journal. Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the National Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations. 29 (1): 66–71. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1945.tb03339.x. JSTOR 318108.
  6. ↑ Ringe, Donald A. (Sep 1963). "Chiaroscuro as an Artistic Device in Cooper's Fiction". PMLA. Modern Language Association. 78 (4): 349–357. JSTOR 461247.
  7. ↑ Marder, Daniel (Summer 1985). "Cooper's Second Cycle". South Central Review. The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of The South Central Modern Language Association. 2 (2): 23–37. JSTOR 3189147.
  8. ↑ Becker, George J. (Mar 1956). "James Fenimore Cooper and American Democracy". College English. National Council of Teachers of English. 17 (6): 325–334. JSTOR 372369.
  9. ↑ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Il bravo". Almanacco Amadeus. Retrieved 29 February 2016 (Italian).

Further reading

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