Cats and the Internet

Grumpy Cat, a pet made famous through an image macro, on stage at VidCon 2014

Images and videos of domestic cats make up some of the most viewed content on the web, particularly image macros in the form of lolcats. ThoughtCatalog has described cats as the "unofficial mascot of the Internet."[1]

The subject has attracted the attention of various scholars and critics, who have analysed why this form of low art has reached iconic status. Though it may be considered frivolous, cat-related internet content contributes to how people interact with media and culture.[2] Some argue that there is a depth and complexity to this seemingly simple content, with a suggestion that the positive psychological effects that pet animals have on their owners also holds true for cat images viewed online.[3]

Some individual cats, such as Grumpy Cat and Lil Bub, have achieved popularity online because of their unusual appearances.

History

Humans have always had a close relationship with cats, and the animals have long been a subject of short films, including the early silent movies Boxing Cats (1894) and The Sick Kitten (1903).[4] Harry Pointer (1822–1889) has been cited as the "progenitor of the shameless cat picture".[5] Cats have been shared via email since the internet's inception in the 1990s.[6] The first cat video on YouTube was uploaded in 2005 by YouTube co-founder Steve Chen, who posted a video of his cat called Pyjamas playing with a rope".[6] The following year, "Puppy vs Cat" became the first viral cat video; uploaded by a user called Sanchey; as of 2015 it had over 16 million views on YouTube.[6] In a Mashable article that explored the history of cat media on the Internet, the oldest entry was an ASCII art cat that originated on 2channel, and was a pictorial representation of the phrase "Please go away."[7]

The New York Times described cat images as "that essential building block of the Internet".[8] In addition, 2,594,329 cat images had been manually annotated in flickr.com by users.[9] An interesting phenomenon is that many photograph owners tag their house cats as “tiger".[10]

Eric Nakagawa and Kari Unebasami started the website I Can Haz Cheezburger in 2007, where they shared funny pictures of cats. This site allowed users to create LOLcat memes by placing writing on top of pictures of their cats. This site now has more than 100 million views per month and has "created a whole new form of internet speak".[6] In 2009, the humour site Urlesque deemed September 9 "A Day Without Cats Online", and had over 40 blogs and websites agree to "[ban] cats from their pages for at least 24 hours".[11] As of 2015, there are over 2 million cat videos on YouTube alone, and cats are one of the most searched keywords on the internet.[6] CNN estimated that in 2015 there could be around 6.5 billion cat pictures on the internet.[12] The internet has been described as a "virtual cat park, a social space for cat lovers in the same way that dog lovers congregate at a dog park."[13] The Daily Telegraph deemed Nyan Cat the most popular internet cat,[14] while NPR gave this title to Grumpy Cat.[15] The Daily Telegraph also deemed the best cat video on YouTube as "Surprised Kitty (Original)", which currently has over 75 million views.[16] Buzzfeed deemed Cattycake the most important cat of 2010.[17]

In 2015, an exhibition called "How Cats Took Over The Internet" opened at the Museum of the Moving Image in New York.[18] The exhibition "looks at the history of how they rose to internet fame, and why people like them so much."[6] There is even a book entitled How to Make Your Cat an Internet Celebrity: A Guide to Financial Freedom.[19] The annual Internet Cat Video Festival celebrated and awards the Golden Kitty to cat videos.[20] According to Star Tribune, the festival's success is because "people realized that the cat video they’d chuckled over in the privacy of their homes was suddenly a thousand times funnier when there are thousands of other people around".[21] The Daily Telegraph had an entire article devoted to International Cat Day.[22] EMGN wrote an article entitled "21 Reasons Why Cats And The Internet Are A Match Made in Heaven".[23]

In 2015, there were more than 2 million cat videos on YouTube, with an average of 12,000 views each – a higher average than any other category of YouTube content.[24] Cats made up 16% of views in YouTube's "Pets & Animals" category, compared to dogs' 23%.[25] The YouTube video Cats vs. Zombies merged the two internet phenomena of cats and zombies.[26] Data from BuzzFeed and Tumblr has shown that dog videos have more views than those of cats, and less than 1% of posts on Reddit mention cats.[27] While dogs are searched for much more than cats, there is less content on the internet.[28] The Facebook page "Cats" has over 2 million likes while Dogs has over 6.5 million.[29] In an Internet tradition, The New York Times Archives Twitter account posts cat reporting throughout the history of the NYT.[30][31] The Japanese prefecture of Hiroshima launched an online Cat Street View, which showed the region from the perspective of a cat.[32]

Abigail Tucker, author of The Lion in the Living Room, a history of domestic cats, has suggested that cats appeal particularly because they "remind us of own faces, and especially of our babies...[they're] strikingly human but also perpetually deadpan."[33][34]

Psychology

Jason Eppink, curator of the Museum of the Moving Image's show How Cats Took Over the Internet, has noted the "outsized role" of cats on the Internet.[35] Wired magazine felt that the cuteness of cats was "too simplistic" an explanation of their popularity online.[27]

A scientific survey done found that the participants were more happy after watching cat videos.[6][36] The researcher behind the survey explained "If we want to better understand the effects the Internet may have on us as individuals and on society, then researchers can't ignore Internet cats anymore"[37] and "consumption of online cat-related media deserves empirical attention".[38] The Huffington Post suggested that the videos were a form of procrastination, with most being watched while at work or ostensibly studying,[39] while IU Bloomington commented "[it] does more than simply entertain; it boosts viewers' energy and positive emotions and decreases negative feelings".[40] BusinessInsider argues "This falls in line with a body of research regarding the effects that animals have on people."[41] A 2015 study by Jessica Gall Myrick found that people were more than twice as likely to post a picture or video of a cat to the internet than they were to post a selfie.[24] Also, it was found that people who watch cat videos feel more energetic and positive after viewing online cat content.[42]

Maria Bustillos considers cat videos to be "the crystallisation of all that human beings love about cats", with their "natural beauty and majesty" being "just one tiny slip away from total humiliation", which Bustillos sees as a mirror of the human condition.[43] When the creator of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, was asked for an example of a popular use of the internet that he would never had predicted, he answered "Kittens".[44][45] A 2014 paper argues that cats' "unselfconsciousness" is rare in an age of hyper-surveillance, and cat photos appeal to people as it lets them imagine "the possibility of freedom from surveillance", while presenting the power of controlling that surveillance as unproblematic.[46] Time magazine felt that cat images tap into viewers nature as "secret voyeurs".[25]

The Cheezburger Network considers cats to be the "perfect canvas" for human emotion, as they have expressive facial and body aspects.[47] Mashable offered "cats' cuteness, non-cuteness, popularity among geeks, blank canvas qualities, personality issues, and the fact that dogs just don't have "it"" as possible explanations to cats' popularity on the internet.[48] A paper entitled "“I Can Haz Emoshuns?” – Understanding Anthropomorphosis of Cats among Internet Users" found that Tagpuss, an app that showed users cat images and asked them to choose their emotion "can be used to identify cat behaviours that lay-people find difficult to distinguish".[49]

Jason Eppink, curator of the “How Cats Took Over the Internet” exhibition, explained: “People on the web are more likely to post a cat than another animal, because it sort of perpetuates itself. It becomes a self-fulfilling prophesy.”[31][50] Jason Kottke considers cats to be "easier to objectify" and therefore "easier to make fun of".[51] Journalist Jack Shepherd suggested that cats were more popular than dogs because dogs were "trying too hard", and humorous behavior in a dog would be seen as a bid for validation. Shepherd sees cats' behavior as being "cool, and effortless, and devoid of any concern about what you might think about it. It is art for art's sake."[52]

Cats have historically been associated with magic, and have been revered by various human cultures, the ancient Egyptians worshipping them as gods and the creatures being feared as demons in ancient Japan,[12] such as the bakeneko. Vogue magazine has suggested that the popularity of cats on the internet is culturally-specific, being popular in North America, Western Europe, and Japan. Other nations favor different animals online, Ugandans sharing images of goats and chickens, Mexicans preferring llamas, and Chinese internet users sharing images of the river crab and grass-mud horse due to double-meanings of their names allowing them to "subvert government Internet censors".[53]

Cute cat theory of digital activism

A picture of a striped cat in an apparent seated position with its legs spread, looking at the camera. In the upper left corner is the text "Why U Wanna Censor Me?" in white capital letters
Lolcat images are often shared through the same networks used by online activists.

The cute cat theory of digital activism is a theory concerning Internet activism, Web censorship, and "cute cats" (a term used for any low-value, but popular online activity) developed by Ethan Zuckerman in 2008.[54][55] It posits that most people are not interested in activism; instead, they want to use the web for mundane activities, including surfing for pornography and lolcats ("cute cats").[56] The tools that they develop for that (such as Facebook, Flickr, Blogger, Twitter, and similar platforms) are very useful to social movement activists, who may lack resources to develop dedicated tools themselves.[56] This, in turn, makes the activists more immune to reprisals by governments than if they were using a dedicated activism platform, because shutting down a popular public platform provokes a larger public outcry than shutting down an obscure one.[56]

Celebrities

Because of the relative newness of this industry, most owners of famous cats found themselves stumbling into internet stardom without intentionally planning it.[57]

Grumpy Cat

Main article: Grumpy Cat

Tardar Sauce (born April 4, 2012),[58] better known by her Internet name "Grumpy Cat", is a cat and Internet celebrity known for her grumpy facial expression.[59][60][61][62] Her owner, Tabatha Bundesen, says that her permanently grumpy-looking face is due to an underbite and feline dwarfism.[59][63][64] Grumpy Cat's popularity originated from a picture posted to the social news website Reddit by Bundesen's brother Bryan on September 22, 2012.[59][65][66] It was made into an image macro with grumpy captions. As of December 10, 2014, "The Official Grumpy Cat" page on Facebook has over 7 million "likes".[67] Grumpy Cat was featured on the front page of The Wall Street Journal on May 30, 2013, and on the cover of New York magazine on October 7, 2013.[62][68][69] In August 2015 it was announced that Grumpy Cat would get her own animatronic waxwork at Madame Tussauds in San Francisco.[70] The Huffington Post wrote an article exploring America's fascination with cats.[71]

Lil Bub

Main article: Lil Bub
Lil Bub

Lil Bub (Lillian Bubbles) is an American celebrity cat known for her unique appearance. She was the runt of her litter. Her owner, Mike Bridavsky, adopted her when his friends called to ask him to give her a home. Her photos were first posted to Tumblr in November 2011 then taken off after being featured on the social news website reddit.[72] "Lil Bub" on Facebook has over two million Likes.[73] Lil Bub stars in Lil Bub & Friendz, a documentary premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2013 that won the Tribeca Online Festival Best Feature Film.[74][75][76]

Maru

Main article: Maru (cat)

Maru (まる, Japanese: circle or round; born May 24, 2007[77]) is a male Scottish Fold (straight variety[78]) cat in Japan who has become popular on YouTube. As of April 2013, videos with Maru have been viewed over 200 million times.[79] Videos featuring Maru have an average of 800,000 views each and he is mentioned often in print and televised media discussing Internet celebrities.[80] Maru is the "most famous cat on the internet."[81]

Maru's owner posts videos under the account name 'mugumogu'. His owner is almost never seen in the videos, although the video titled ""Maru's ear cleaning". " is an exception. The videos include title cards in English and Japanese setting up and describing the events, and often show Maru playing in cardboard boxes, indicated by "I love a box!" in his first video.

Colonel Meow

Main article: Colonel Meow

Colonel Meow (adopted October 11, 2011[Note 1] – January 29, 2014)[82] was a male Himalayan–Persian crossbreed cat, who holds the 2014 Guinness world record for the longest fur on a cat (nine inches or about 23 cm).[83] He became an Internet celebrity when his owners posted pictures of his scowling face to Facebook and Instagram.[84][85] He was known by his hundreds of thousands of followers as an "adorable fearsome dictator", a "prodigious Scotch drinker" and "the angriest cat in the world".[85]

Oskar and Klaus

Oskar was born on May 5, 2011 and was an outdoor kitty living on a small farm in the Loess Hills of western Iowa before being adopted by Mick and Bethany Szydlowski on July 11 of that year. They later moved to Nebraska, finally settling in Seattle, Washington. Oskar has a condition called microphthalmia, which means his eyes never fully developed because of genetic abnormalities. Even though he cannot see, Oskar functions perfectly well using his other senses, and is happy and healthy. Many who meet him for the first time don't even realize he's completely blind. Oskar's best friend, "The Klaus," is a former stray that was adopted in 2006 by the same couple. He, too, lives in Seattle with Oskar, Mick, and Bethany.[86] In 2014, they published a book about the cats' adventures titled Oskar and Klaus Present: The Search for Bigfoot.[87]

Nala Cat

Nala was adopted at a shelter when she was 5 or 6 months old. The original owners could not take care of the litter Nala was part of. When Nala was adopted, she was the only one of her family still at the shelter. The person who adopted Nala had not planned on adopting a kitten that day, but she picked up Nala who licked her face and it was love at first lick. She had to take her home. Like many shelter kittens, Nala had breathing problems and infections that needed to be taken care of. With loving care and medicine, Nala gained her health and grew up to be strong and healthy, but with short legs. Her owner started an Instagram account to share Nala's progress and antics with her friends and family, but ended up amassing over a million followers. Subsequently, Nala has starred in many YouTube videos. The owner has used the attention to bring awareness for the need to spay or neuter pets and adopt from shelters instead of buying them from breeders. And only get pets if you plan to keep them for the rest of their lives, giving them the love and attention they need.[88]

Oh Long Johnson

Main article: Oh Long Johnson

This unnamed cat, first seen in a video shown on America's Funniest Home Videos, became famous for its growling resembling human speech. In the video, one cat makes aggressive noises at another, its vocalisations resembling "human-like gibberish"[89] that can be interpreted as "Oh my dog. Oh Long John. Oh Long Johnson. Oh Don Piano. Why I eyes ya. All the live long day."[90] The video first appeared on the Internet in 2006[89] during a compilation video on YouTube featuring cats producing human-like sounds, and other standalone videos were later uploaded. The full clip shows a second, younger-looking cat in the room,[91] and the cat's speech pattern was the result of the cat being aggravated by the second cat's presence and was reacting with fear and annoyance.

The video was referenced in the South Park episode "Faith Hilling", where Johnson's speech pattern ended up causing several deaths related to "Oh Long Johnsoning."

Tatiana Angela Lansbury Romanov

Tatiana “Tati” Angela Lansbury Romanov was adopted by Alexandra Silber on April 2, 2014. The names “Tatiana” and “Romanov” derive from Silber’s love of everything Russian, particularly the last Imperial family, while “Angela Lansbury” is the name of Silber’s only idol. Tati began her journey to internet fame with the creation of Tumblr blog, “I Feel Kitty,” in May 2014. The blog inspired Tati’s Instagram account, @ifeelkitty, where she continues her work as diva supurrrreme.[92] As its handle suggests, the account is a collection of portraits with musical theatre-themed captions. During an interview with Broadway.com’s Paul Wontorek in August 2016, Silber noted, “(Tati is) as dramatic as I am, if not more.”[93] The famous feline has been featured on Playbill’s official Snapchat stories and in the account’s profile photo. Tati, as Silber mentions on her blog, “sure knows how to make the most of her life’s work of downtime” by filling her busy schedule with as many naps as she possibly can.[94] Tati is also the subject of Silber's "Cat in a Box" song.

Memes

Lolcat

Main article: Lolcat
A lolcat

A lolcat (pronounced /ˈlɒlkæt/ LOL-kat) is an image macro of one or more cats. The image's text is often idiosyncratic and grammatically incorrect. Its use in this way is known as "lolspeak" or "kitty pidgin".

"Lolcat" is a compound word of the acronymic abbreviation for "laugh out loud" (LOL) and the word "cat".[95][96] A synonym for "lolcat" is cat macro, since the images are a type of image macro.[97] Lolcats are commonly designed for photo sharing imageboards and other Internet forums.

Nyan Cat

Main article: Nyan cat

Nyan Cat is the name of a YouTube video, uploaded in April 2011, which became an Internet meme. The video merged a Japanese pop song with an animated cartoon cat with the body of a Pop-Tart, flying through space, and leaving a rainbow trail behind it. The video ranked at number 5 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in 2011.[98]

Keyboard cat

Main article: Keyboard cat

Keyboard Cat is an Internet meme. It consists of a video from 1984 of a cat called "Fatso" wearing a blue shirt and "playing" an upbeat rhythm on an electronic keyboard. The video was posted to YouTube under the title "charlie schmidt's cool cats" in June 2007. Schmidt later changed the title to "Charlie Schmidt's Keyboard Cat (THE ORIGINAL)".[99]

Fatso (who died in 1987)[100] was owned (and manipulated in the video) by Charlie Schmidt of Spokane, Washington, United States and the blue shirt still belonged to Schmidt's cat Fatso. Later, Brad O'Farrell, who was the syndication manager of the video website My Damn Channel, obtained Schmidt's permission to reuse the footage, appending it to the end of a blooper video to "play" that person offstage after the mistake or gaffe in a similar manner as getting the hook in the days of vaudeville.[101] The appending of Schmidt's video to other blooper and other viral videos became popular, with such videos usually accompanied with the title Play Him Off, Keyboard Cat or a variant. "Keyboard Cat" was ranked No. 2 on Current TV's list of 50 Greatest Viral Videos.[102]

Cats that Look Like Hitler

Cats That Look Like Hitler is a satirical website featuring photographs of cats that bear an alleged resemblance to Adolf Hitler.[103] Most of the cats have a large black splotch underneath their nose, much like the dictator's stumpy toothbrush moustache. The site was founded by Koos Plegt and Paul Neve in 2006,[104] and became widely known after being featured on several television programmes across Europe[104][105][106] and Australia.[107] The site is now only run by Neve. As of February 2013, the site contained photographs of over 8,000 cats, submitted by owners with digital cameras and internet access and then approved by Neve as content.[108]

Everytime you masturbate... God kills a kitten

"Every time you masturbate… God kills a kitten" is the caption of an image created by a member of the website Fark.com in 2002.[109][110] The image features a kitten (subsequently referred to as "Cliché Kitty") being chased by two Domos, and has the tagline "Please, think of the kittens".

I Can Has Cheezburger

An example of an image that was posted on ICHC

I Can Has Cheezburger? (ICHC for short) is the name of a weblog-format website featuring videos (usually involving animals) and image macros. It was created in 2007 by Eric Nakagawa (Cheezburger), a blogger from Hawaii, and his friend Kari Unebasami (Tofuburger). The website is one of the most popular internet sites of its kind. It received as many as 1,500,000 hits per day at its peak in May 2007.[111][112] ICHC was instrumental in bringing animal-based image macros and lolspeak into mainstream usage and making internet memes profitable.[113]

Brussels Lockdown

In 2015, the atmosphere among the community of Brussels, Belgium was tense when the city was put under the highest level state of emergency immediately following the Paris attacks, however internet cats were able to cut the tension by taking over the Twitter feed #BrusselsLockdown.[114] The feed was designed to discuss operational details of terrorist raids, but when police asked for a social media blackout the hashtag was overwhelmed by internet users posting pictures of cats to drown out serious discussion and prevent terrorists from gaining any useful information.[115] The use of cat images is a reference to the Level 4 state of emergency: the French word for the number 4, quatre, is pronounced similarly to the word cat in English.[116][117]

Catloaf

Catloaf refers to a term describing a cat sitting with its paws and tail tucked under its body giving it the appearance of either a loaf of bread, a meatloaf, or a roast chicken or turkey hence its name. A less common variant, the rabbitloaf also exists, also because rabbits sit with their paws tucked under their bodies.

Pusheen

Main article: Pusheen

Pusheen is an Internet meme. Created in 2010, the popularity of using emoji and Facebook stickers led to a rise in Pusheen's popularity. She now has 9 million followers.

Cat Bread

Cat bread is a term used to describe the common fad of placing a slice of bread with a hole cut in the middle over a cat's face.

Spoofs

Bonsai Kitten is a satirical website launched in 2000 that claims to provide instructions on how to grow a kitten in a jar, so as to mold the bones of the kitten into the shape of the jar as the cat grows, much like how a bonsai plant is shaped. It was made by an MIT university student going by the alias of Dr. Michael Wong Chang.[118] The website generated furor after members of the public complained to animal rights organizations, who stated that "while the site's content may be faked, the issue it is campaigning for may create violence towards animals", according to the Michigan Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA). Although the website in its most recent form was shut down, it still generates (primarily spam) petitions to shut the site down or complain to its ISP. The website has been thoroughly debunked by Snopes.com and The Humane Society of the United States, among other prominent organizations.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ According to the owners, October 11, 2011 is not the cat's birth date, but the date of his adoption. His birth date is unknown.

References

  1. ↑ "Why The Internet Chose Cats". Thought Catalog.
  2. ↑ "How Cats Took Over the Internet—And Became Art". The Daily Beast.
  3. ↑ "Comment: The fascinating, feel-good psychology of Internet cat videos". News.
  4. ↑ Jessica Dawson. "'How Cats Took Over the Internet' Actually Shows They Didn't". Village Voice.
  5. ↑ "Why Does the Internet Love Cats So Much? [INFOGRAPHIC]". Social Media Today.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Why cat clips rule the internet". bbc.co.uk.
  7. ↑ Jessica Catcher (March 26, 2014). "The Complete Hiss-tory of Cats on the Internet". Mashable.
  8. ↑ "What the Internet Can See From Your Cat Pictures". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Cat Head Detection – How to Effectively Exploit Shape and Texture Features". springer.com.
  10. ↑ "IEEE Xplore – Sign In". ieee.org.
  11. ↑ "'A Day Without Cats Online': Internet Ban by Urlesque – TIME". TIME.com. September 9, 2009.
  12. 1 2 Jeff Yang (April 2, 2015). "Internet cats will never die". CNN.
  13. ↑ "Cats and the internet". Radio New Zealand. September 5, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Top 10 internet cats hall of fame". Telegraph.co.uk. February 19, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Friday Feline Fun: A Ranking Of The Most Famous Internet Cats". NPR.org. July 11, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Video: The 10 best cat videos on YouTube – Telegraph". Telegraph.co.uk. April 23, 2010.
  17. ↑ "The 30 Most Important Cats Of 2010". BuzzFeed.
  18. ↑ Jordan Hoffman. "How cats took over the internet: new exhibition is catnip for feline fans". the Guardian.
  19. ↑ "How to Make Your Cat an Internet Celebrity". google.com.au.
  20. ↑ "Golden Kitty: Cat lovers gather for 'pawstigious' internet video awards". ABC News.
  21. ↑ "Internet Cat Video Festival draws thousands to St. Paul - StarTribune.com". Star Tribune.
  22. ↑ "International Cat Day: felines take over the internet (even more than usual)". Telegraph.co.uk. August 8, 2015.
  23. ↑ "21 Reasons Why Cats And The Internet Are A Match Made in Heaven". EMGN.
  24. 1 2 "So Here's a Study About Internet Cats". Science of Us.
  25. 1 2 Samantha Grossman. "How Cats Took Over the Internet: Museum of Moving Image". TIME.com.
  26. ↑ "Internet Win: Cats VS Zombies". 1428 Elm.
  27. 1 2 "How Cats Became Rulers of the Interwebs". WIRED. August 10, 2015.
  28. ↑ Margaret Hartmann. "The Supply And Demand Of Internet Dogs And Cats". Jezebel.
  29. ↑ "Does the Internet love cats or dogs more? – Digital Trends". Digital Trends. June 16, 2013.
  30. ↑ "QS a Museum Exhibit on Cats and the Internet". Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  31. 1 2 "How Cats Took Over the Internet at the Museum of the Living Image". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Cat Street View: The Internet taken to its logical conclusion". CNET. CBS Interactive. September 3, 2015.
  33. ↑ Tucker, Abigail. "How Cats Evolved to Win the Internet". New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  34. ↑ Tucker, Abigail (2016). The Lion in the Living Room: How House Cats Tamed Us and Took Over the World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1476738238. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  35. ↑ Jennifer Smith (August 5, 2015). "The Tale of How Cats Clawed Their Way to Internet Stardom". WSJ.
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  37. ↑ Elizabeth Palermo, Live Science. "Scientists Explain Why Watching Internet Cat Videos Is Good for You". NBC News.
  38. ↑ Caitlin Dewey (June 16, 2015). "The fascinating, feel-good psychology of Internet cat videos". Washington Post.
  39. ↑ "Cat Videos Can Give You Energy And A Positive Attitude, Study Says". The Huffington Post.
  40. ↑ "Not-so-guilty pleasure: Viewing cat videos boosts energy and positive emotions, IU study finds". IU Bloomington Newsroom.
  41. ↑ Drake Baer. "The Internet loves cat videos for a surprisingly good reason, says new study". Business Insider Australia.
  42. ↑ Violet Degnan (14 May 2016). "3 Best Cat Apps for Your Inner Cat Lady". Top Mobile Trends. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  43. ↑ Maria Bustillos. "BBC – Culture – How cats won the internet". bbc.com.
  44. ↑ "I am Tim Berners-Lee. I invented the WWW 25 years ago and I am concerned and excited about its future. AMA : IAmA". reddit.
  45. ↑ "Inventor Of Web Astounded By All The Cats Online". The Huffington Post.
  46. ↑ "Do Cats Know They Rule YouTube? Surveillance and the Pleasures of Cat Videos". media-culture.org.au.
  47. ↑ "The Timelessness of Cat Pictures". myUMBC. August 27, 2015.
  48. ↑ Amy-Mae Elliott (October 21, 2010). "The Million Dollar Question: Why Does the Web Love Cats?". Mashable.
  49. ↑ ""I Can Haz Emoshuns?" – Understanding Anthropomorphosis of Cats among Internet Users" (PDF). Eprints.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
  50. ↑ "How Cats Took Over the Internet' at the Museum of the Moving Image". Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  51. ↑ Sarah Hepola. "The Internet is made of kittens". salon.com.
  52. ↑ "Why the internet loves cats – not dogs". the Guardian.
  53. ↑ "5 Things We Learned at the Museum of Moving Images's "How Cats Took Over the Internet" – Vogue". Vogue.
  54. ↑ Shirky, Clay (January 1, 2011). "The Political Power of Social Media". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  55. ↑ Shapiro, Samantha (January 22, 2009). "Revolution, Facebook-Style". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  56. 1 2 3 "Bright Green: The Cute Cat Theory of Digital Activism". Worldchanging. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  57. ↑ Julie Miller. "Can You Get Rich From Making Your Cat an Internet Celebrity?". Vanity Fair.
  58. ↑ The Official Grumpy Cat. "The Official Grumpy Cat comment on Facebook – "Alex: Grumpy Cat turned two on April 4, 2014."". facebook.com/TheOfficialGrumpyCat. The Official Grumpy Cat. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  59. 1 2 3 "About Grumpy Cat". Grumpycats.com. September 30, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  60. ↑ Farberov, Snejana (September 29, 2012). "What a sourpuss! Tardar Sauce the Grumpy Cat becomes latest Internet sensation". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  61. ↑ Brenner, Wayne Alan (March 8, 2013). "Yes, You Could Totally Meet Grumpy Cat at SXSW: And here's an interview with the people behind the varmint". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved March 15, 2013. On her paperwork, though, from the vet? It's spelled right, with a 'T' – for the record.
  62. 1 2 Van Syckle, Katie (September 29, 2013). "Boom Brands 2013: Grumpy Cat". New York. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  63. ↑ "Internet finds world's grumpiest cat, named Tardar Sauce". Fox News Channel. news.com.au. September 28, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  64. ↑ "Grumpy Cat: The Internet's Favorite Sour Cat Draws Crowds at SXSW – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. April 4, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  65. ↑ "The unlikely star of SXSW: Grumpy Cat". CNN.com. November 14, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  66. ↑ "Meet grumpy cat : pics". Reddit. September 22, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
  67. ↑ "The Official Grumpy Cat". Facebook. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
  68. ↑ Rosman, Katherine (May 31, 2013). "Grumpy Cat Has an Agent, and Now a Movie Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  69. ↑ "Table of Contents – October 7, 2013 Issue". New York. October 7, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  70. ↑ "Grumpy cat is getting her own waxwork and looks a bit... grumpy". Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  71. ↑ "America's Fascination with Cats". The Huffington Post.
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