Ti plasmid
A Ti or tumour inducing plasmid is a plasmid that often, but not always, is a part of the genetic equipment that Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes use to transduce its genetic material to plants. The Ti plasmid is lost when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria do not induce crown galls, i.e. they become avirulent. pTi and pRi share little sequence homology but are functionally rather similar. The Ti plasmids are classified into different types based on the type of opine produced by their genes. The different opines specified by pTi are octopine, nopaline, succinamopine and leucinopine.
The plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206,479 nucleotides long, the GC content is 56% and 81% of the material is coding genes. There are no pseudogenes.
The modification of this plasmid is very important in the creation of transgenic plants.
Virulence region
Genes in the virulence region are grouped into the operons virABCDEFG, which code for the enzymes responsible for mediating conjugative transfer of T-DNA to plant cells.[1]
- virA codes for a receptor which reacts to the presence of phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone,[2] syringealdehyde or acetovanillone[3] which leak out of damaged plant tissues.[4]
- virB encodes proteins which produce a pore/pilus-like structure.[2]
- virC binds the overdrive sequence.[2]
- virD1 and virD2 produce endonucleases which target the direct repeat borders of the T-DNA segment; virD4 is the coupling protein.[5]
- virE binds to T-strand protecting it from nuclease attack, and intercalates with lipids to form channels in the plant membranes through which the T-complex passes,[2] beginning with the right border.[4]
- virG activates vir-gene expression after binding to a consensus sequence,[2] once it has been phosphorylated by virA.[4]
Characteristic features
- Agrobacterium is called the natural genetic engineer.
- Size of the plasmid: ~250 kbp.
- Contains one or more T-DNA region.
- Contains a region enabling conjugative transfer.
- Contains regions for opine synthesis and catabolism.
- Responsible for crown gall disease in plants.
See also
References
- Schell J, Van Montagu M., The Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a natural vector for the introduction of nif genes in plants?, Basic Life Sci. 1977;9:159-79.
- B.D.Singh, genetic engineering and cloning.
- ↑ Scott E.Stachelt; Eugene W.Nester (1986). "The genetic and transcriptional organization of the vir region of the A6 Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens". The EMBO Journal. 5 (7): 1445–1454. PMC 1166964
. PMID 3017694. - 1 2 3 4 5 Schrammeijer, B., Beijersbergen, A., Idler, K.B., Melchers, L.S., Thompson, D.V., Hooykaas, P.J.J. (2000). "Sequence analysis of the vir-region from Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine Ti plasmid pTi15955". Journal of Experimental Botany. 51 (347): 1167–1169. doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.347.1167. PMID 10948245.
- ↑ Reconstitution of Acetosyringone-Mediated Agrobacterium tumefaciens Virulence Gene Expression in the Heterologous Host Escherichia coli. Scott M. Lohrke, Hongjiang Yang, and Shouguang Jin, J Bacteriol. 2001 June; 183(12): 3704–3711, doi:10.1128/JB.183.12.3704-3711.2001
- 1 2 3 Alexander N. Glazer; Hiroshi Nikaidō (2007). Microbial biotechnology: fundamentals of applied microbiology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84210-7.
- ↑ Hamilton CM, Lee H, Li PL, et al. (March 2000). "TraG from RP4 and TraG and VirD4 from Ti plasmids confer relaxosome specificity to the conjugal transfer system of pTiC58". J. Bacteriol. 182 (6): 1541–8. doi:10.1128/jb.182.6.1541-1548.2000. PMC 94450. PMID 10692358.