Timeline of healthcare in Japan

This is a timeline of healthcare in Japan. Major events such as crises, policies and organizations are included, especially those focusing on modern healthcare.

Big picture

Year/period Key developments
6th-7th CenturiesKampō medicine, which is the study of Chinese medicine, is introduced in Japan through Korea. Based on this study, the Japanese create their own unique system of diagnosis and therapy.[1]
1200-1603Medicine in Japan becomes more practical. Most of the physicians are Buddhist monks who continue to use the formulas, theories and practices that had been introduced from Tang China. Japanese physicians begin to achieve a more independent view on Chinese medicine.[2]
1603-1868 Edo period. Rangaku, literally "Dutch learning" is developed in Japan through its contacts with the Dutch colonists as they are the only European foreigners tolerated in Japan. Books and medical sciences are obtained from the Dutch, and then analyzed and translated into Japanese. Great debates occur between the proponents of traditional Chinese medicine and those of the new Western learning.[3]
1853-1922Meiji Restoration. Japan opens to Western influence. Several Western hospitals start to be founded. Traditional medicine enters a period of rapid decline.[2]
1922-onwardWith a pertaining law, modern health care system develops initially emulating the German system. Health insurance is established as mandatory.[4]
1950-1990Japanese economic miracle era. Life expectancy rises rapidly as mortality rates due to communicable diseases plummet, followed by a large reduction in stroke mortality rates.[5]
1990–presentJapan achieves the highest life expectancy of any country in the world. Also, child mortality falls among the lowest levels at a global scale. Actual issues of its healthcare system are the growing senior population that has impact on government spending, and high rates of suicide among the Japanese.[6][7]

Full timeline

Year/period Type of Event Event Location
912–995DevelopmentIshinpō, the oldest surviving Japanese medical text is written by Tamba Yasuyori.[8]
1804DevelopmentThe first operation performed under general anesthesia by a Japanese physician, Hanaoka Seishu, using a datura.[9]
1820sDevelopmentJapanese ranpô medical practitioners translate Dutch medical texts, also integrating their readings with clinical diagnoses.[10]
1871Discovery/infectionThe first case of Japanese encephalitis viral disease (JE) is documented in Japan.[11]
1874Organization (hospital)Juzen Hospital is founded into what will later become Yokohama City University Hospital.Yokohama
1892Organization (private medical school)Saitama Medical University is established.[12]Moroyama, Saitama
1889Organization (hospital)Koyama Fukusei Hospital is founded.[13]Gotemba, Shizuoka
1891Organization (private medical school)Kitasato Shibasaburō (disciple of Robert Koch), founds the first Institute of Infectious Diseases, thus introducing the study of bacteriology in Japan.[14]Tokyo
1901Organization (private medical school)Iwate Medical University is established.[15]Morioka, Iwate
1902Organization (hospital)St. Luke's International Hospital is founded as a medical mission facility by the Episcopal Church in the United States. The hospital is now one of central Tokyo's largest and most comprehensive medical care facilities.[16]Tokyo
1905DevelopmentNational health insurance emerges in Japan as the result of a gradual process when the Kamegafuchi Textile Company starts providing limited benefits for its employees. In the following decades, more and more corporations begin offering benefits through mutual aid societies.[4]
1909Organization (hospital)Oku-Komyo-En Sanatorium is founded for treating leprosy.[17]Setouchi, Okayama
1909Organization (hospital)Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium is established as a sanatorium for leprosy patients or ex-leprosy patients.[18]Koshi, Kumamoto
1913Organization (hospital)Kizawa Memorial Hospital founded.[19]Gifu
1916Organization (hospital)Tokyo Medical University (TMU) is founded with the then status of Tokyo Isen. TMU is one of the old medical schools of Japan’s Taishō period. The school will not receive university status until 1946.[20]Tokyo
1921Organization (public medical school)Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine is founded.[21]Kyoto
1922PolicyFirst health insurance law enacted. Inspired by the German system established by Chancellor Bismarck in 1883.[4]
1927PolicyThe first Employee Health Insurance plan is created following the implementation of the 1922 law. Aimed at industrial employees and miners, but excluding the self-employed and employees in companies with fewer than five.[4][22]
1927Organization (private medical school)Osaka Medical College is established.[23]Takatsuki, Osaka
1928Organization (public medical school)Tokyo Medical and Dental University is established.[24]Bunkyō, Tokyo
1928Organization (private medical school)Showa Medical School is established.[25]Tokyo
1930Organization (hospital)Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium is founded for the treatment of leprosy.[26]Setouchi, Okayama
1931Organization (hospital)Miyako Nanseien Sanatorium is founded.[27]Miyakojima, Okinawa
1932Organization (hospital)Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium is founded.[28]Kusatsu, Gunma
1933Organization (hospital)Shima Hospital founded (destroyed during the atomic bomb explosion).[29]Hiroshima
1938PolicyHealth insurance is extended to farmers, fishermen, foresters and other groups not covered by the 1922 law.[4]
1938Organization (hospital)Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium is founded for leprosy patients.[30]Nago, Okinawa
1943Organization (hospital)Amami Wakoen Sanatorium is founded for treating for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients.[31]Amami, Kagoshima
1944Organization (public medical school)Fukushima Woman's Medical School is established.[32]Fukushima, Fukushima
1945Organization (public medical school)Sapporo Medical University is founded.[33]Sapporo
1945Organization (hospital)Suruga Sanatorium is founded for treating leprosy.[34]Gotenba, Shizuoka
1945Organization (public medical school)Nara Medical University is founded.[35]Nara
1947Organization (private medical school)Kansai Medical University is established.[36]Moriguchi, Osaka
1948Organization (public medical school)Wakayama Medical University is established.[37]Wakayama, Wakayama
1949Program launchSeveral volunteer organizations are formed to combat parasitic worms. Biannual school-based mass screening and treatment are implemented.[38]
1952Organization (hospital)NTT Medical Center Tokyo is founded.[39]Shinagawa, Tokyo
1955Program launchThe Japan Association of Parasite Control (JAPC) is formed, aimed especially at targeting Ascaris lumbricoides infection.[38]
1957Organization (research institute)National Institute of Radiological Sciences founded.[40]Inage-ku (Chiba)
1958Policythe 1938 law is revised to include the remaining 30 percent of the population not previously covered.[4]
1961Policy/achievementJapan achieves universal health insurance coverage and almost everyone becomes insured.[4][41]
1964Organization (private medical school)Fujita Health University is founded.[42]Toyoake, Aichi
1967PolicyThe Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approves four Kampō medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance (NHI) program.[43]
1970Organization (private medical school)Kawasaki Medical School is established.[44]Kurashiki, Japan
1970Organization (hospital)Kanagawa Children's Medical Center founded.[45]Yokohama
1970Organization (hospital)Soma General Hospital is founded.[46]Soma, Fukushima
1971Organization (private medical school)St. Marianna University School of Medicine is founded.[47]Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki
1971Organization (private medical school)Aichi Medical University is founded.[48]Nagakute, Aichi
1971Organization (hospital)Fujisawa City Hospital founded.[49]Fujisawa
1972Organization (private medical school)Jichi Medical University is established.[50]Shimotsuke, Tochigi
1972Organization (private medical school)Hyogo College of Medicine is established.[51]Nishinomiya, Hyōgo
1972Organization (private medical school)Kanazawa Medical University is established.[52]Uchinada, Ishikawa
1973Organization (public medical school)Asahikawa Medical University is established.[53]Asahikawa, Hokkaido
1973Organization (public medical school)National Defense Medical College is founded.[54]Tokorozawa, Saitama
1974Organization (public medical school)Shiga University of Medical Science is founded.[55]Ōtsu, Shiga
1974Organization (public medical school)Hamamatsu University School of Medicine is founded.[56]Hamamatsu
1973PolicyCatastrophic Coverage Act is enacted. Once a patient's monthly copayment reaches a cap, no further copayment is required.[57]
1976Policy82 kampo medicines are approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. This number increases to 148 Kampo formulation extracts, 241 crude drugs, and 5 crude drug preparations.[43]
1978Organization (private medical school)University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan is founded.[58]Kitakyushu City
1983PolicyHealth and Medical Service Law for the Aged enacted. All elderly persons are covered by government-sponsored insurance.[4][59]
1986Organization (research center-hospital)Kanagawa Cancer Center founded.[60]Kanagawa
2000StudyNationwide study reports that 72% of registered physicians prescribe Kampō medicines.[61]
2005Organization (hospital)National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center founded.[62]Gifu
2009ReportJohn Creighton Campbell, professor at the University of Michigan and Tokyo University, tells the New York Times that Japanese people are "the healthiest" group on the planet.[63]
2009AchievementPeople in Japan reaches the longest life expectancy at birth of any country in the world at 83 years (male 79.6 years, female 86.4 years).[64]
2011Policy The Government of Japan begins issuing six-month medical visas to allow visitors that much time to receive medical treatment in Japan. The government also plans to set up a special office that will promote medical tourism.[9]
2011Study A study of 13 industrialized countries (Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States) released shows Japan spending the least on health care.[9]
2011Organization (hospital)Nagoya City West Medical Center is founded.[65]Kita-ku, Nagoya
2011Crisis Medical records at many hospitals along the Tohoku coast are lost in the tsunami.[9]
2014ReportStatistics show for the first time that suicide is the most common cause of death among those aged 10 to 19.[66][67]
2014AchievementJapan reaches the lowest rate of heart disease in the OECD, and the lowest level of dementia in the developed world.[68]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dharmananda, Subhuti. "Kampo Medicine: The Practice of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Japan". Institute for Traditional Medicine. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
  2. 1 2 Y. Motoo; T. Seki; K. Tsutani (February 2011). "Traditional Japanese medicine, Kampo: its history and current status". 17 (2). Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine: 85–87. doi:10.1007/s11655-011-0653-y. PMID 21390572.
  3. ↑ W Michel, Medicine and Allied Sciences in the Cultural Exchange between Japan and Europe in the Seventeenth Century. In: Hans Dieter Ölschleger (Hrsg.): Theories and Methods in Japanese Studies. Current State & Future Developments. Papers in Honor of Josef Kreiner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-89971-355-8, S. 285–302 pdf.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "History of healthcare in Japan".
  5. ↑ Ikeda, Nayu (17 September 2011). "What has made the population of Japan healthy?". The Lancet. 378 (9796): 1094–105. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61055-6. PMID 21885105.
  6. ↑ Faiola, Anthony (28 July 2006). "The Face of Poverty Ages In Rapidly Graying Japan". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  7. ↑ Strom, Stephanie (15 July 1999). "In Japan, Mired in Recession, Suicides Soar". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  8. ↑ "Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine (Ishinpō)". National Institutes for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "HEALTH CARE IN JAPAN: HISTORY, DOCTORS AND HEALTH INSURANCE".
  10. ↑ Ann Jannetta, The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge and the "Opening" of Japan (2007)
  11. ↑ "Japanese encephalitis".
  12. ↑ "Saitama Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  13. ↑ "Koyama Fukusei Hospital". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  14. ↑ Joseph Patrick Byrne (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues. ABC-CLIO. p. 339.
  15. ↑ "Iwate Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  16. ↑ Hobart, Margaret (1912). Institutions Connected with the Japan Mission of the American Church. New York: The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
  17. ↑ "Oku-Komyo-En Sanatorium". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  18. ↑ "Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  19. ↑ "kizawa memorial".
  20. ↑ "Tokyo Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  21. ↑ "Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  22. ↑ Kōdansha 1993, p. 338.
  23. ↑ "Osaka Medical College". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  24. ↑ "Tokyo Medical and Dental University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  25. ↑ "Showa University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  26. ↑ "Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium" (PDF). Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  27. ↑ "Miyako Nanseien Sanatorium". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  28. ↑ "Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  29. ↑ http://www.shimagekanaika.jp/ Shima geka naika homepage (Japanese)
  30. ↑ "Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  31. ↑ "Amami Wakoen Sanatorium". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  32. ↑ "Fukushima Woman's Medical School". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  33. ↑ "Sapporo Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  34. ↑ "Suruga Sanatorium" (PDF). Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  35. ↑ "Nara Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  36. ↑ "Kansai Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  37. ↑ "Wakayama Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  38. 1 2 "STH Elimination Strategy Support - Objective 1: Past STH Elimination Programs" (PDF). University of Washington Global Health START Program. February 17, 2015.
  39. ↑ "NTT Medical Center Tokyo". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  40. ↑ Charged Particle Therapy Research Center Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
  41. ↑ Ikegami, Naoki (17 September 2011). "Japanese universal health coverage: evolution, achievements, and challenges". The Lancet. 378 (9796): 1108. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60828-3. PMID 21885107.
  42. ↑ "Fujita Health University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  43. 1 2 Kotoe Katayama, et. al. (2013). "Prescription of Kampo Drugs in the Japanese Health Care Insurance Program" (PDF). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2013: 576973. doi:10.1155/2013/576973. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Kawasaki Medical School". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  45. ↑ "Kanagawa Prefectural Hospital Organization". Retrieved May 28, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Soma General Hospital". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  47. ↑ "St. Marianna University School of Medicine". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  48. ↑ "Aichi Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  49. ↑ "Fujisawa City Hospital". Fujisawa City Hospital. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  50. ↑ "Jichi Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  51. ↑ "Hyogo College of Medicine". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  52. ↑ "Kanazawa Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  53. ↑ "Asahikawa Medical University". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  54. ↑ "National Defense Medical College". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  55. ↑ "Shiga University of Medical Science". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  56. ↑ "Hamamatsu University School of Medicine". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  57. ↑ Ito, Masanori (December 2004). "Health insurance systems in Japan: a neurosurgeon's view.". Neurologia medico-chirurgica. 44 (12): 624. doi:10.2176/nmc.44.617. PMID 15684593.
  58. ↑ "University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  59. ↑ 講談社インターナショナル 2003, p. 183
  60. ↑ "Kanagawa Cancer Center".
  61. ↑ "Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine:A Worldwide Review" (PDF). 2001. pp. 155–159. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  62. ↑ organization website
  63. ↑ Arnquist, Sarah (25 August 2009). "Health Care Abroad: Japan". The New York Times.
  64. ↑ OECD. "OECD Health Data". OECD. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  65. ↑ "Nagoya City West Medical Center". Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  66. ↑ mhlw.go.jp 第７表死因順位 Accessed 9/1/2015
  67. ↑ Mariko Oi Tackling the deadliest day for Japanese teenagers BBC News 9/1/2015
  68. ↑ Britnell, Mark (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. London: Palgrave. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-137-49661-4.
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